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Chapter two: Flashcards

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1
Q

Genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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2
Q

Phenotype?

A

A characteristic expressed by a genotype

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3
Q

What are traits derived from?

A

Genes

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4
Q

Does one gene provide the basis for multiple phenotypes?

A

yep.

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5
Q

Explain Nature and Nurture:

A

Genetics (nature) interact with the environment to influence behavior (nurture).

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6
Q

I order for the body to function, what do various systems need to do?

A

Communicate

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7
Q

What are the two means that our body systems communicate?

A

Nervous system: brain neurons and neurotransmitters

Endocrine system: Glands and hormones

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8
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord ( higher order function)
PNS: carrying out automatic actions

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9
Q

What are the sub-categories of the PNS?

A

Somatic: operates your sensory systems
Autonomic: Handles processes that don’t require your conscious control

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10
Q

Within the autonomic division of the PNS what can further sub-divisions are there?

A

Sympathetic: flight or fight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest (heart rate, breathing, digestion)

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11
Q

What are the two main categories of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons: The messenger of the nervous system

Glial Cells: support structures for neurons (physically)

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12
Q

What are the two main types of neurons:

A

sensory (Afferent) neurons: carry messages from your sensory receptors to your central nervous system
-Motor neurons (efferent), carry messages from your CNS to glands and muscles

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13
Q

Function: Cell body

A

Provides energy for the cell.

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14
Q

Function: Dendrites

A

receive information from other cells

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15
Q

Function: axon

A

sends or transmits the action potential to the axon terminal.

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16
Q

Are neurons positively or negatively charge?

A

resting: -70 mV

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17
Q

Incoming action potentials or signals deliver what kind of charge?

A

Positive

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18
Q

When neurons receive a big enough charge what happens?

A

they depolarizes (fire)

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19
Q

Action potential occurs after enough incoming action potentials raises the membrane potential to what?

A

30 mV

20
Q

Neurotransmitter is what kind of messenger?

A

Chemical

21
Q

What is the refectory period?

A

the hyperpolarization period where the membrane potential is below -70 mV and can’t fire.

22
Q

Neurotransmissions need to happen blank and blank

A

quickly and efficiently

23
Q

How do neurons ensure rapid transmission of messages?

A

insulation via the Myelin Sheath

24
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

Type of glial cell (Schwann cell) that wraps itself around the axon.

25
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

The gaps or unmyelinated portions of the axon that allow electrical signals to jump from one gap to anther (saltatory conduction)

26
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?

A

synaptic transmission: chemical messengers or neurotransmitters float across the synapse and lock into receptors on the receiving dendrite.

27
Q

What contains neurotransmitters?

A

Vesicles

28
Q

What is the synaptic cleft:

A

The junction between the receiving neurons receptors and the terminal button.

29
Q

What is the reuptake process?

A

The process by which used neurotransmitters are released from the receptors of the receiving neuron and stored in the vesicles again for later use.

30
Q

T/F you need the correct neurotransmitter to lock into the receptor?

A

True

31
Q

What is an Agonists:

A

Molecules that bind with a receptor and trigger action potentials. Like nicotine (not technically supposed to be there)

32
Q

Antagonists?

A

Molecules that bind to a receptor and block other neurotransmitters from binding. like a painkiller that blocks your body’s signals for pain.

33
Q

Dopamine?

A

neurotransmitters,
produces sensations of pleasure and reward
voluntary movement

34
Q

Serotonin?

A

neurotransmitters

regulates sleep, mood, aggression, appetite and sexual behavoir

35
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

neurotransmitters

controls heart rate, mood, stress, and appetite

36
Q

Acetylcholine?

A

neurotransmitters

used by neurons carrying messages from the CNS; involved in some kinds of learning and memory

37
Q

GABA?

A

neurotransmitters

most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS.

38
Q

Glutamine?

A

neurotransmitters
most common excitatory neurotransmitter
involved in learning and memory

39
Q

Endorphins?

A

neurotransmitters

pleasurable sensations and control pain

40
Q

What happens when you have improper levels of dopamine?

A

Schizophrenia or Parkinson’s

41
Q

problems with serotonin production lead to…

A

Depression, anxiety, OCD

42
Q

Problems with Norepinephrine production…

A

Depression

43
Q

Problems with Acetylcholine production…

A

Muscular disorders and Alzheimer’s disease

44
Q

Problems with GABA production…

A

anxiety and epilepsy

45
Q

Problems with Glutamine production…

A

brain damage after stroke

46
Q

problems with endorphin production…

A

Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction

Psych (29 decks)

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