Chapter two:

Question 1

Genotype?

Answer 1

The genetic makeup of an organism

Question 2

Phenotype?

Answer 2

A characteristic expressed by a genotype

Question 3

What are traits derived from?

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

Does one gene provide the basis for multiple phenotypes?

Answer 4

yep.

Question 5

Explain Nature and Nurture:

Answer 5

Genetics (nature) interact with the environment to influence behavior (nurture).

Question 6

I order for the body to function, what do various systems need to do?

Answer 6

Communicate

Question 7

What are the two means that our body systems communicate?

Answer 7

Nervous system: brain neurons and neurotransmitters

Endocrine system: Glands and hormones

Question 8

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 8

CNS: brain and spinal cord ( higher order function)
PNS: carrying out automatic actions

Question 9

What are the sub-categories of the PNS?

Answer 9

Somatic: operates your sensory systems
Autonomic: Handles processes that don’t require your conscious control

Question 10

Within the autonomic division of the PNS what can further sub-divisions are there?

Answer 10

Sympathetic: flight or fight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest (heart rate, breathing, digestion)

Question 11

What are the two main categories of cells in the nervous system?

Answer 11

Neurons: The messenger of the nervous system

Glial Cells: support structures for neurons (physically)

Question 12

What are the two main types of neurons:

Answer 12

sensory (Afferent) neurons: carry messages from your sensory receptors to your central nervous system
-Motor neurons (efferent), carry messages from your CNS to glands and muscles

Question 13

Function: Cell body

Answer 13

Provides energy for the cell.

Question 14

Function: Dendrites

Answer 14

receive information from other cells

Question 15

Function: axon

Answer 15

sends or transmits the action potential to the axon terminal.

Question 16

Are neurons positively or negatively charge?

Answer 16

resting: -70 mV

Question 17

Incoming action potentials or signals deliver what kind of charge?

Answer 17

Positive

Question 18

When neurons receive a big enough charge what happens?

Answer 18

they depolarizes (fire)

Question 19

Action potential occurs after enough incoming action potentials raises the membrane potential to what?

Answer 19

30 mV

Question 20

Neurotransmitter is what kind of messenger?

Answer 20

Chemical

Question 21

What is the refectory period?

Answer 21

the hyperpolarization period where the membrane potential is below -70 mV and can’t fire.

Question 22

Neurotransmissions need to happen blank and blank

Answer 22

quickly and efficiently

Question 23

How do neurons ensure rapid transmission of messages?

Answer 23

insulation via the Myelin Sheath

Question 24

What is the Myelin Sheath?

Answer 24

Type of glial cell (Schwann cell) that wraps itself around the axon.

Question 25

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 25

The gaps or unmyelinated portions of the axon that allow electrical signals to jump from one gap to anther (saltatory conduction)

Question 26

What happens when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?

Answer 26

synaptic transmission: chemical messengers or neurotransmitters float across the synapse and lock into receptors on the receiving dendrite.

Question 27

What contains neurotransmitters?

Answer 27

Vesicles

Question 28

What is the synaptic cleft:

Answer 28

The junction between the receiving neurons receptors and the terminal button.

Question 29

What is the reuptake process?

Answer 29

The process by which used neurotransmitters are released from the receptors of the receiving neuron and stored in the vesicles again for later use.

Question 30

T/F you need the correct neurotransmitter to lock into the receptor?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is an Agonists:

Answer 31

Molecules that bind with a receptor and trigger action potentials. Like nicotine (not technically supposed to be there)

Question 32

Antagonists?

Answer 32

Molecules that bind to a receptor and block other neurotransmitters from binding. like a painkiller that blocks your body's signals for pain.

Question 33

Dopamine?

Answer 33

neurotransmitters, produces sensations of pleasure and reward voluntary movement

Question 34

Serotonin?

Answer 34

neurotransmitters | regulates sleep, mood, aggression, appetite and sexual behavoir

Question 35

Norepinephrine?

Answer 35

neurotransmitters | controls heart rate, mood, stress, and appetite

Question 36

Acetylcholine?

Answer 36

neurotransmitters | used by neurons carrying messages from the CNS; involved in some kinds of learning and memory

Question 37

GABA?

Answer 37

neurotransmitters | most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS.

Question 38

Glutamine?

Answer 38

neurotransmitters most common excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory

Question 39

Endorphins?

Answer 39

neurotransmitters | pleasurable sensations and control pain

Question 40

What happens when you have improper levels of dopamine?

Answer 40

Schizophrenia or Parkinson's

Question 41

problems with serotonin production lead to...

Answer 41

Depression, anxiety, OCD

Question 42

Problems with Norepinephrine production...

Answer 42

Depression

Question 43

Problems with Acetylcholine production...

Answer 43

Muscular disorders and Alzheimer's disease

Question 44

Problems with GABA production...

Answer 44

anxiety and epilepsy

Question 45

Problems with Glutamine production...

Answer 45

brain damage after stroke

Question 46

problems with endorphin production...

Answer 46

Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction