Chapter 6 B:

Question 1

Who created operant conditioning?

Answer 1

B.F. Skinner

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

A behavioral response is strengthen or weakened after being repeatedly paired with a specific stimuli.

Question 3

What did Thorndike study?

Answer 3

behavior in voluntary task.

• learning by trail and error
• over time, responses that led to positive outcomes were repeated

Question 4

What was Thorndike’s findings?

Answer 4

• more likely to repeat if it has a positive outcome

- less likely to repeat if it has a negative outcome

Question 5

What is a reinenforcer?

Answer 5

positive: a Pleasurable stimulus
negative: an unpleasant stimulus

Question 6

What is reinforcement?

Answer 6

using reinforcers to increases/decreases the likelihood of a response.

Question 7

What are the means by which you can increase a behavior(reinforcement)?

Answer 7

positive reinforcement: delivering a postive reinforcer to strengthen a behavioral response.
negative reinforcement: remove a negative reinforcer to strengthen a behavioral response

Question 8

What are the means by which your can decreases behavior (reinforcement)

Answer 8

Positive punishment: delivering a negative reinforcer to weaken a behavioral response
Negative punishment: removing a positive reinforcer to weaken a behavioral response

Question 9

what is a ratio schedule?

Answer 9

reinforcers are delivered after a number of successful responses

Question 10

what is interval schedules?

Answer 10

reinforcers are delivered after a time has elapsed

Question 11

what is fixed reinforcement?

Answer 11

reinforcing every instance of the desired behavior

Question 12

What is variable reinforcement?

Answer 12

reinforcing some instances of the desired behavior

Question 13

What is a primary reinforcers?

Answer 13

fulfill a basic biological need or drive (food, water, sleep)

Question 14

What is a secondary reinforcers?

Answer 14

stimuli that have no inherent reinforcing value; value is acquired through ( classical) conditioning

Question 15

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 15

extending a behavior to new stimulus

Question 16

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 16

An organism learns to respond to one stimulus, but not anther.

Question 17

What is social learning?

Answer 17

observational (or social) learning

Question 18

Who pioneered social learning?

Answer 18

Albert Bandura

Question 19

What is observational learning?

Answer 19

learning by watching what others do, and this normally takes place when children watch adults.

Question 20

what are cognitive perspectives on learning?

Answer 20

focuses on developing new mental constructs as a basis of learning.

Question 21

What is insight learning?

Answer 21

problem solving = spontaneously reorganizing patterns of perceptions to see the situation in a new way

Question 22

what are cognitive maps?

Answer 22

forming mental impressions of environments.

Question 23

What is the cognitive behavioral approach to learning?

Answer 23

Reinforcement and punishment change expectancies (cognitions) about future rewards or punishment

Question 24

How does the brain get involved with learning?

Answer 24

LTP- the neural basis in learning.

LTP causes our brains to form new neural connections and synapse which lead to a new memory.

Question 25

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 25

unused connections can die back, resulting in the loss of associations