Chapter 6 B: Flashcards
Who created operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is operant conditioning?
A behavioral response is strengthen or weakened after being repeatedly paired with a specific stimuli.
What did Thorndike study?
behavior in voluntary task.
- learning by trail and error
- over time, responses that led to positive outcomes were repeated
What was Thorndike’s findings?
- more likely to repeat if it has a positive outcome
- less likely to repeat if it has a negative outcome
What is a reinenforcer?
positive: a Pleasurable stimulus
negative: an unpleasant stimulus
What is reinforcement?
using reinforcers to increases/decreases the likelihood of a response.
What are the means by which you can increase a behavior(reinforcement)?
positive reinforcement: delivering a postive reinforcer to strengthen a behavioral response.
negative reinforcement: remove a negative reinforcer to strengthen a behavioral response
What are the means by which your can decreases behavior (reinforcement)
Positive punishment: delivering a negative reinforcer to weaken a behavioral response
Negative punishment: removing a positive reinforcer to weaken a behavioral response
what is a ratio schedule?
reinforcers are delivered after a number of successful responses
what is interval schedules?
reinforcers are delivered after a time has elapsed
what is fixed reinforcement?
reinforcing every instance of the desired behavior
What is variable reinforcement?
reinforcing some instances of the desired behavior
What is a primary reinforcers?
fulfill a basic biological need or drive (food, water, sleep)
What is a secondary reinforcers?
stimuli that have no inherent reinforcing value; value is acquired through ( classical) conditioning
What is stimulus generalization?
extending a behavior to new stimulus
What is stimulus discrimination?
An organism learns to respond to one stimulus, but not anther.
What is social learning?
observational (or social) learning
Who pioneered social learning?
Albert Bandura
What is observational learning?
learning by watching what others do, and this normally takes place when children watch adults.
what are cognitive perspectives on learning?
focuses on developing new mental constructs as a basis of learning.
What is insight learning?
problem solving = spontaneously reorganizing patterns of perceptions to see the situation in a new way
what are cognitive maps?
forming mental impressions of environments.
What is the cognitive behavioral approach to learning?
Reinforcement and punishment change expectancies (cognitions) about future rewards or punishment
How does the brain get involved with learning?
LTP- the neural basis in learning.
LTP causes our brains to form new neural connections and synapse which lead to a new memory.
