Chapter 11: from the book Flashcards

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1
Q

heritability:

A

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we
can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the
range of populations and environments studied.

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2
Q

stereotype threat:

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based

on a negative stereotype.

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3
Q

motivation:

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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4
Q

instinct:

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and
is unlearned.

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5
Q

physiological need:

A

a basic bodily requirement.

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6
Q

drive-reduction theory:

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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7
Q

homeostasis:

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level.

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8
Q

incentive:

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates

behavior.

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law:

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal

only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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10
Q

hierarchy of needs:

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base
with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety
needs and then psychological needs become active.

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11
Q

glucose:

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major
source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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12
Q

set point:

A

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate
may combine to restore lost weight.

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13
Q

basal metabolic rate:

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output.

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14
Q

obesity:

A

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher.
(Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

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15
Q

testosterone:

A

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females
have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the
male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex
characteristics during puberty

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16
Q

estrogens:

A

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex
characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes
sexual receptivity.

17
Q

sexual response cycle:

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by

Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

18
Q

refractory period:

A

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after

orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.

19
Q

sexual dysfunction:

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or

functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle.

20
Q

erectile disorder:

A

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient
bloodflow to the penis.

21
Q

female orgasmic disorder:

A

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing

orgasm.

22
Q

paraphilias:

A

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving
nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting
persons.

23
Q

affiliation need:

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

24
Q

ostracism:

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

25
Q

narcissism:

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

26
Q

achievement motivation:

A

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery

of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.

27
Q

grit:

A

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.