Chapter 9 the book

Question 1

insight:

Answer 1

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions.

Question 2

fixation:

Answer 2

in thinking, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an
obstacle to problem solving.

Question 3

mental set:

Answer 3

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a
way that has been successful in the past.

Question 4

representativeness heuristic:

Answer 4

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of
how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us
to ignore other relevant information.
( ex: “In the representativeness heuristic, the probability that Steve is a librarian, for example, is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian,” Tversky and Kahneman explain.”

Question 5

availability heuristic:

Answer 5

estimating the likelihood of events based on their
availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of
their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 6

overconfidence:

Answer 6

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to

overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 7

belief perseverance:

Answer 7

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on

which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 8

framing:

Answer 8

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 9

creativity:

Answer 9

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

Question 10

convergent thinking:

Answer 10

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Question 11

divergent thinking:

Answer 11

expanding the number of possible problem solutions;

creative thinking that diverges in different directions.

Question 12

What are the five components to creativity?

Answer 12

2.) Imaginative thinking skills- provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections.
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3.) A venturesome personality - seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
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4.) Intrinsic motivation- is the quality of being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures (Amabile &
Hennessey, 1992).
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5.) A creative environment - sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas. Wiles stood on the shoulders of others and collaborated with a former
student.

Question 13

language:

Answer 13

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 14

phoneme:

Answer 14

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 15

morpheme:

Answer 15

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

Question 16

grammar:

Answer 16

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining
words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Question 17

babbling stage:

Answer 17

beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the
household language.

Question 18

one-word stage:

Answer 18

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 19

two-word stage:

Answer 19

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Question 20

telegraphic speech:

Answer 20

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a

telegram—”go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 21

aphasia:

Answer 21

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing
understanding).

Question 22

Broca’s area:

Answer 22

helps control language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in
speech.

Question 23

Wernicke’s area:

Answer 23

a brain area involved in language comprehension and

expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Question 24

linguistic determinism:

Answer 24

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way

we think.