Chapter 12:

Question 1

emotion:

Answer 1

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological
arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Question 2

James-Lange theory:

Answer 2

the theory that our experience of emotion is our

awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory:

Answer 3

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective
experience of emotion.

Question 4

two-factor theory:

Answer 4

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one

must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Question 5

polygraph:

Answer 5

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of
the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing
changes) accompanying emotion.

Question 6

facial feedback effect:

Answer 6

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger

corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Question 7

behavior feedback effect

Answer 7

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and

others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Question 8

catharsis:

Answer 8

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Question 9

feel-good, do-good phenomenon:

Answer 9

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a

good mood.

Question 10

positive psychology:

Answer 10

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and
communities to thrive.

Question 11

subjective well-being:

Answer 11

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used
along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and
economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Question 12

adaptation-level phenomenon:

Answer 12

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of
lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
- ex: wearing a tee shirt outside when the temperature is 60 degrees Fahrenheit in April, but wearing a coat when the same temperature occurs in September.

Question 13

relative deprivation:

Answer 13

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with

whom one compares oneself.

Question 14

stress:

Answer 14

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called
stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 15

general adaptation syndrome (GAS):

Answer 15

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive

response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 16

tend and befriend:

Answer 16

under stress, people (especially women) often provide

support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Question 17

mindfulness meditation:

Answer 17

a reflective practice in which people attend to current

experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

Question 18

aerobic exercise:

Answer 18

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness;

also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

Question 19

self-control:

Answer 19

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for
greater long-term rewards.

Question 20

external locus:

Answer 20

of control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Question 21

internal locus:

Answer 21

of control the perception that we control our own fate.

Question 22

personal control:

Answer 22

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling

helpless.

Question 23

learned helplessness:

Answer 23

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Question 24

problem-focused coping:

Answer 24

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing

the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 25

emotion-focused coping:

Answer 25

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring

a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.

Question 26

coping:

Answer 26

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Question 27

Type A :

Answer 27

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Question 28

Type B:

Answer 28

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 29

coronary heart disease:

Answer 29

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart

muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Question 30

health psychology:

Answer 30

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s

contribution to behavioral medicine.

Question 31

psychoneuroimmunology:

Answer 31

the study of how psychological, neural, and

endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.