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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 9 - Trade And Commerce > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Trade And Commerce Flashcards

1
Q

What was the general assumption about trade in 1890?

A

That more empire would make the country wealthier

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2
Q

What percentage did India take of Britain’s exports?

A

20%

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3
Q

What did India export to Britain?

A

Raw cotton
Tea

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4
Q

What did South Africa produce?

A

Wool
Sugar

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5
Q

What did New Zealand produce?

A

Dairy produce
Lamb

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6
Q

What did they produce in Canada?

A

Beef
Wheat

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7
Q

How much of an increase in land did Canada put aside for wheat production?

A

Six fold

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8
Q

What did Britain import from West Africa?

A

Timber
Cocoa
Rubber
Peanuts
Palm oil

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9
Q

What were the main sources of transport for goods?

A

Steamships
Railways

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10
Q

What was disbanded in 1893?

A

The Imperial Federation League

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11
Q

What did this help?

A

Promote closer colonial ties

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12
Q

Where was trade growing instead for Britain?

A

USA
Russia

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13
Q

What were the only things that the empire was the main supplier for?

A

Cheese
Apples
Potatoes
Mutton

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14
Q

What percentage of foodstuffs came from the empire?

A

10%

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15
Q

What was the empire’s total trade worth in 1896?

A

£745 million

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16
Q

What was the value of the trade between the countries of the empire?

A

£183 million

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17
Q

Was trade corresponding with the growth of the empire?

A

No

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18
Q

What did anti-imperialists argue?

A

The empire cost middle-class people more than it benefited them

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19
Q

What was the empire blamed for?

A

Failing to modernise its industry
Held back developments that would’ve helped raise living standards for workers

20
Q

What did Britain lag behind in?

A

Chemical + electrical engineering from poor investment and productivity

21
Q

What countries were they behind in with rubber?

A

French + Russians + Germans made synthetic rubber
B still relying on rubber imports from Africa or Asia

22
Q

Why did people not like importing food from the colonies?

A

It undermined domestic food production + depopulated the countryside

23
Q

What did the foreign cheap labour do?

A

Depressed wages within Britain

24
Q

Why were costs of the Empire high?

A

They had to maintain a large navy
White colonies reliant on defence
Costs of acquiring some of the empire outweighed the returns from it

25
Q

What did Britain increase its investment to between 1900 and 1913?

A

£2 - £4 billion

26
Q

Where did more capital go?

A

USA
India

27
Q

Why were loans risky to give out in the empire?

A

They might be used to develop rival manufacturers to B
E.g. Indian cotton + jute mills

28
Q

What remained the world’s financial capital?

A

London

29
Q

What were shares sold in?

A

Minerals
Tobacco
Timber
Transport
Public utilities

30
Q

What Acts helped infrastructural projects?

A

The Colonial Loans and Colonial Stocks Acts of 1899 and 1900
(Helped rail links in Africa)

31
Q

How many times more did B spend compared to other countries?

A

2 times the French
3 times the Germans

32
Q

Where did B invest a lot of capital?

A

Latin America

33
Q

Where else did B get earnings?

A

From invisibles

34
Q

What are invisibles?

A

Exports that provide income but don’t have a physical presence

35
Q

What did B force other nations to adopt?

A

The gold standard

36
Q

What was the gold standard?

A

Adopted by Bank of England
Every pound sterling was backed by a fixed amount of gold held in reserves
It aided international commerce
Became a symbol of economic strength

37
Q

Who was a pro-imperialist?

A

Joseph Chamberlain
(Conservative colonial secretary)

38
Q

What did he chair?

A

The 1902 London Colonial Conference for leaders of dominions
It discussed creating closer economic ties with an imperial customs union

39
Q

What would the imperial customs trade make?

A

Mutual customs
Protective tariffs against imports against non-imperial powers

40
Q

Why did Chamberlain think imperial trade was preferable?

A

Because it would be strategically reliable in times of emergency
The colonies had potential for greater productivity and growth

41
Q

What was this all called?

A

Imperial preference

42
Q

Who resisted C ideas?

A

Manufacturing, shipping and banking industries
Wanted free trade
Argued mercantilism disappeared + B wasn’t self sufficient

43
Q

When did imperial preference get rejected?

A

1906 general election
Voters favoured liberal party’s commitment to free trade
It would’ve put food prices up

44
Q

Who imposed import tariffs to assert their national interests over loyalties to B?

A

Australia
New Zealand
South Africa

45
Q

Who did Canada make its own trading agreements with?

A

Germany
France
Italy
Japan

46
Q

What did Indians do to B goods?

A

They were boycotted + burned
Part of swadeshi (self-sufficiency) movement
Wanted to undermine the Raj

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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