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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 5 - Attitudes Towards Imperialism In Britain > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Attitudes Towards Imperialism In Britain Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the British government not have an active or interventionalist role in the empire before the mid-nineteenth century?

A

Slow communications
Lack of institutions to deal with the empire
Lack of commitment to intervention

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2
Q

What concerned politicians the most?

A

Freedom to trade and access markets

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3
Q

What was the communication limited to?

A

Telegraph + Letters

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4
Q

What economists theory did the government follow?

A

The invisible hand by Adam Smith

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5
Q

Who was Benjamin Disraeli?

A

Conservative Party leader + Prime minister 1868

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6
Q

what did Disraeli say about the colonies?

A

“Those wretched colonies will all be independent in a few years and they are a mill-stone around our necks”

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7
Q

Who was William Ewart Gladstone?

A

Prime minister + Exchequer 4 time
Leader of Liberal Party 1868

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8
Q

What did Gladstone promise?

A

“to abstain from any territorial acquisitions and from contracting any new obligations”

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9
Q

Why did in 1865 the Parliamentary Select Committee recommend withdrawing from Britain’s West African settlements?

A

It was too costly

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10
Q

Who was an exception to this?

A

Goldie was allowed a charter for Niger in 1884

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11
Q

Why did the British government adopt more imperialist policies from 1870 onwards?

A
  • Economic competition with France + Germany
  • Long depression made export markets more attractive
  • Difficulty with European + American export tariffs
  • Charted companies increasingly needing intervention
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12
Q

What did Disraeli now claim the Conservative party to be?

A

The ‘party of empire’

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13
Q

What did the Liberals say about Disraeli’s imperialism?

A

It was dangerous and he was accused of stirring up jingoism

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14
Q

What’s jingoism?

A

Encouraging and celebrating British imperial gains, boasting about Britain’s power

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15
Q

What action did D do in 1875 to support his pro-imperialist stance?

A

Got a private loan from the Rothschild family to buy £4 million worth of Suez Canal shares

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16
Q

What three events did he do in 1877?

A
  1. Named Queen Victoria Empress of India
  2. Annexed the Boer Republic
  3. Sent General Gordon into Sudan
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17
Q

What country did he annex in 1878?

A

Afghanistan

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18
Q

What did Gladstone claim he had to do after D’s policies?

A

‘Pick up the pieces’

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19
Q

What caused the Boers to be independent in 1880?

A

Boers moved to throw off B control

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20
Q

How long did the First Boer war last?

A

1 year
(1880 - 1881)

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21
Q

What event stopped G from sending more troops, time or money in SA?

A

The defeat at Majuba Hill

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22
Q

What did G think about withdrawing Anglo-Egyptian troops from the Mahdist Rebellion in Sudan?

A

The Sudanese are ‘rightly struggling to be free’

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23
Q

What did this clearly show?

A

The difference between Liberal and Conservative colonial policy

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24
Q

But what place was G especially interested in?

A

Egypt

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25
Q

Why?

A

Needed it for a safe passage to India
Arabi Pasha’s uprising threatened security of Suez + investment

26
Q

What did the Berlin Conference 1884 -1885 do?

A

Somaliland + Bechuanaland become protectorates

27
Q

Who were left in power in Bechuanaland?

A

The local Tswana rulers
(suggests G was reluctant to take more management + costs of empire)

28
Q

Where else was G hesitant to intervene?

A

New Guinea
Taken over by Germany 1884

29
Q

Who instead took part of it back?

A

Thomas MacIlwraith - Premier of Queensland
Took south-eastern zone
Australia financed the development of B New Guinea

30
Q

When did G resign?

A

1885

31
Q

What Act did he oversee?

A

1884 Parliamentary Reform Act
(it extended the vote to 5.5 million men)

32
Q

What then returned under Lord Sailsbury’s conserv govt?

A

Imperialism

33
Q

Who did G also have sympathy for?

A

Irish independence

34
Q

What did he make when he returned as PM in 1886?

A

Home Rule Bill for Ireland

35
Q

Was it successful in going through parliament?

A

No
Attempted 1886 + 1893

36
Q

Why had the public had more opinions of the empire between 1860s +70s?

A

Growing of popular press

37
Q

What did the stories emphasise?

A

Heroism, exoticness, national one-upmanship

38
Q

What act increased national literacy?

A

The Education Act of 1870

39
Q

What acts made the public more politically aware and extended the vote?

A

1867 and 1884 Reform Acts

40
Q

What PM used this imperialist fantasy for their own gain?

A

Disraeli

41
Q

What was the earliest influence the media had when reporting about the empire?

A

1857 Indian Mutiny

42
Q

What was another influential event?

A

Cawnpore

43
Q

What happened in Cawnpore?

A

When B troops approached rebel-held Cawnpore 1857, the people killed 200 captive women + children then threw them into the river

44
Q

Who was seen as a national hero in the media?

A

Major-General Henry Havelock
He recaptured Cawnpore + Lucknow
When he died a statue was put in Trafalgar square

45
Q

What event was supported by reporters and praised G for intervention?

A

Arabi Pashas Revolt

46
Q

What author wrote about imperialist themes?

A

H. Rider Haggard

47
Q

What novel was put in a magazine between 1886 and 1887?

A

She - HRH
About man + woman who go into Africa find a lost kingdom ruled by Queen Ayesha

48
Q

Where were children exposed to imperialist literature?

A

The Boys own paper - had stories of bravery across the globe
School books

49
Q

What club was made for boys?

A

The Boys’ Brigade - offered military training + reminded boys what it meant to be part of the ‘glorious’ empire

50
Q

What did the B see the empire as?

A

‘Empire of races’ where B people were superior

51
Q

What did the B think extending the empire would do?

A

It would ‘civilise’ indigenous peoples

52
Q

What reinforced the idea that B had an ‘imperial duty’ to control overseas territories?

A

Publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species 1859

53
Q

What did quasi-scientists view it as?

A

They applied it to humans and justified it by using examples of North American indigenous people disappearing, and the Maoris and Aborigines

54
Q

What also enforced the B Victorian superiority?

A

Exhibitions

55
Q

What were successful exhibitions in London?

A

The Great Exhibition of 1851
1862 International Exhibition
Africa Exhibition 1890

56
Q

What did they have in them?

A

28,000 exhibitors from 36 countries
Displayed arts, industry and technology

57
Q

What were ‘living exhibits’?

A

People from the colonies displayed in the exhibits

58
Q

Where was an example of ‘living exhibits’ being used?

A

The 1886 exhibition
‘Indian craftsmen’ were probably prisoners who were trained as part of a project to ‘reform the criminal castes’

59
Q

What did the Africa Exhibition show?

A

Celebrated explorers + colonisation
Showed trophy cases of axes, shields + spears
It stimulated scientific + anthropological interest and justified B presence

60
Q

How did Missionaries contribute to the spreading of imperialism?

A

Talked about their conversion stories at Sunday schools and in pamphlets
David Livingstone was famous for this work

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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