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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 24 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples Flashcards

1
Q

What implied that B power became vulnerable?

A

Japanese victories + conquests of Malaya + Burma

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2
Q

Why did major cities begin to have industrial conflict + be anti-B?

A

Rapid economic development came in the war to support B

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3
Q

Why else was there a threat to the B?

A

Many soldiers from the colonies helped in the war
Felt entitled to be treated well
Had military skill to cause trouble if they wanted to

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4
Q

Why had the legacy of war caused nationalist movements?

A

Colonial soldiers expected reward

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5
Q

Why was economic and social discontent a factor in causing nationalist movements?

A

Despite econ improvement some weren’t skilled enough to benefit from the job opportunities
Competition for land with locals + foreigners
B projects failed - TNS - locals suffered
Surplus of educated youth

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6
Q

How did Ethnic + religious rivalries create nationalist movements?

A

B favoured some groups
E.g. accepted ‘Malay nationality’ was only for Malay ethnicity

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7
Q

How did charismatic + Western educated leaders help nationalist movements?

A

They all learned and shared their ideas provoking action

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8
Q

What did mass political parties do for nationalist movements?

A

By showing these parties had mass popularity put B in difficult moral decision
Obliged to accept them because of B ideas of democracy

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9
Q

What was the Mau Mau?

A

Kenyan movement with mostly Kikuyu people

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10
Q

Why were the Kikuyu frustrated?

A

They were taken off land for white settlers
Unemployed + poor conditions in towns
Politicians said self-govt would not be possible in the near future

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11
Q

What happened in 1952?

A

Escalation of murders by Mau Mau
To some white farmers but mostly Kikuyu who refused to take oath

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12
Q

Who spoke out about it?

A

The leader of the Kikuyu
Was assassinated

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13
Q

Who declared a State of Emergency 1952?

A

Sir Evelyn Baring

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14
Q

What did this do?

A

Suspended all black African political rights
Mau Mau treated as political terrorists

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15
Q

Why did B put itself in a awkward moral position?

A

Sent 1000s of troops
White forcing its will on a black majority

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16
Q

What methods did the B use?

A

Recruited a ‘home guard’ of local Kikuyu
Helicopters + planes
Villages uprooted + relocated
Hung suspects
1000s in ‘rehabilitation camps’
Tortured

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17
Q

How many people were killed between 1952 + 1956?

A

12,000

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18
Q

What happened in the Hola Camp 1959?

A

Forced 88 of least cooperative to perform manual labour or rehabilitation schemes
If refused beaten
11 died
77 had serious injuries

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19
Q

What was linked to Macmillan’s ‘Wind of Change’ speech?

A

The Mau Mau insurrection
Showed B they were unequipped to deal with large-scale nationalism

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20
Q

Why did the Malay organisation UMNO originally cooperate with the B?

A

To defeat communists who wanted to take over after the war

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21
Q

What gave semi-autonomous power to Malaya?

A

1949 Federation of Malaya

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22
Q

What aggravated a situation?

A

B only restricting ‘Malay nationality’ to those with Malay ethnicity

23
Q

What did Ja’afar do in 1951?

A

Left UMNO + formed Independence of Malaya Party - after couldn’t broaden the party’s ethnic membership

24
Q

How did UMNO still get electoral successes?

A

Co-operated with MCA + MIC
Didn’t resolve the issues of a racially divided peninsula

25
Q

Why did the B cooperate with UMNO?

A

Had positive plan of action
E.g. extending primary education
Were ready to combat tactics by militant groups

26
Q

Why was a ‘Malayan Emergency’ called?

A

MRLA + MCP attacked farms + police stations + disrupted transport + communications

27
Q

When were these left-wing political groups made illegal?

A

1948
Took 5 years to defeat

28
Q

Who was shot dead in a guerrilla attack?

A

Sir Henry Gurney
High Commissioner in Malaya

29
Q

Why were the B concerned a lot by Malaya?

A

Fears of communism
Was a valuable economic resource - tin + rubber
A strategic asset

30
Q

How did they restore stability?

A

Had to depend on local indigenous elite
Promised self govt

31
Q

After the emergency in 1955, who became Chief Minister of Malaya?

A

Tunku

32
Q

After a break down in discussion with MCP secretary general, what happened?

A

Tunku went to London to support a deal that would lead to full independence in 1957

33
Q

Did independence solve internal issues?

A

Still differences with UMNO + MCA
Formation of Malaysia didn’t last as Singapore was expelled + Brunei pulled out

34
Q

What factor divided Nigeria?

A

Ethnicity

35
Q

Where were the different ethnicities mostly?

A

North - Islamic area - emirs - anti-western
West - economically prosperous wanted ind
South - inspired by European ideas - professionals + Christian churches

36
Q

What were the 3 major nationalist independence parties?

A

The National Council of Nigeria + the Cameroons (NCNC) - widespread with newspapers
The Action Group - wanted autonomous states with federal structure
The Northern People’s Congress (NPC) - wanted to protect north from south influences

37
Q

How many constitutions were drawn up with the B from 1946-1954?

A

3

38
Q

As the B gave more power to local officials what did they rival for?

A

Govt jobs
Trade permits + licenses + contracts
Scholarships for higher education

39
Q

What became the structure in the end?

A

South, West, East + North all became self-gov regions

40
Q

What had increased resentment in the Rhodesias after WW2?

A

Increase in white settlers
Low pay
Few rights

41
Q

How many white settlers in Southern Rhodesia wanted self-govt?

A

129,000

42
Q

What did the B do as they knew the mineral wealth of NR would tempt SR?

A

Created a Federation of Rhodesia + Nyasaland
Known as Central African Federation (CAF)
All 3 had own legislature + govt

43
Q

What did the CAF actually do?

A

Southern white Rhodesians used it to enforce their power
Nyasaland was at the centre + resisted CAF in 1953

44
Q

What did the Governor of Nyasaland do when he feared the collapse of B authority?

A

Declared State of Emergency
Banned N African Congress (NAC)

45
Q

Who were imprisoned?

A

Leaders
1300 detained without trial
2000 imprisoned for offenses related to the emergency
51 killed in accidents

46
Q

What happened at Nkata Bay 1959?

A

Prisoners were waiting to be taken to the south
A local Congress leader tried to release them + encouraged a crowd to stand dockside
District Commissioner thought it was out of control + told troops to open fire

47
Q

What did a B Commission in 1959 say about it?

A

Emergency was an overreaction
Denounced N for using illegal + unnecessary force

48
Q

Who agreed to break up the CAF?

A

Macmillan + Macleod

49
Q

What was the conclusion in 1964?

A

NR = Zambia with black majority govt + C
N = Malawi with black majority govt + C
SR = White dominated govt + became Rhodesia

50
Q

What did SR declare in 1965?

A

UDI
Unilateral Declaration of Independence

51
Q

What did other nations think about the UDI?

A

Rejected as illegal by B + UN + most of the world
B put sanctions but not very useful as SA refused to cooperate

52
Q

How did this reflect on B?

A

Showed unable to deal with rebels in ex-colony
Had criticism from Commonwealth

53
Q

What did the UDI trigger?

A

15 year long civil war
Between white + black nationalists

54
Q

When did this end?

A

1980
Formed Zimbabwe

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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