Chapter 24 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples Flashcards
What implied that B power became vulnerable?
Japanese victories + conquests of Malaya + Burma
Why did major cities begin to have industrial conflict + be anti-B?
Rapid economic development came in the war to support B
Why else was there a threat to the B?
Many soldiers from the colonies helped in the war
Felt entitled to be treated well
Had military skill to cause trouble if they wanted to
Why had the legacy of war caused nationalist movements?
Colonial soldiers expected reward
Why was economic and social discontent a factor in causing nationalist movements?
Despite econ improvement some weren’t skilled enough to benefit from the job opportunities
Competition for land with locals + foreigners
B projects failed - TNS - locals suffered
Surplus of educated youth
How did Ethnic + religious rivalries create nationalist movements?
B favoured some groups
E.g. accepted ‘Malay nationality’ was only for Malay ethnicity
How did charismatic + Western educated leaders help nationalist movements?
They all learned and shared their ideas provoking action
What did mass political parties do for nationalist movements?
By showing these parties had mass popularity put B in difficult moral decision
Obliged to accept them because of B ideas of democracy
What was the Mau Mau?
Kenyan movement with mostly Kikuyu people
Why were the Kikuyu frustrated?
They were taken off land for white settlers
Unemployed + poor conditions in towns
Politicians said self-govt would not be possible in the near future
What happened in 1952?
Escalation of murders by Mau Mau
To some white farmers but mostly Kikuyu who refused to take oath
Who spoke out about it?
The leader of the Kikuyu
Was assassinated
Who declared a State of Emergency 1952?
Sir Evelyn Baring
What did this do?
Suspended all black African political rights
Mau Mau treated as political terrorists
Why did B put itself in a awkward moral position?
Sent 1000s of troops
White forcing its will on a black majority
What methods did the B use?
Recruited a ‘home guard’ of local Kikuyu
Helicopters + planes
Villages uprooted + relocated
Hung suspects
1000s in ‘rehabilitation camps’
Tortured
How many people were killed between 1952 + 1956?
12,000
What happened in the Hola Camp 1959?
Forced 88 of least cooperative to perform manual labour or rehabilitation schemes
If refused beaten
11 died
77 had serious injuries
What was linked to Macmillan’s ‘Wind of Change’ speech?
The Mau Mau insurrection
Showed B they were unequipped to deal with large-scale nationalism
Why did the Malay organisation UMNO originally cooperate with the B?
To defeat communists who wanted to take over after the war
What gave semi-autonomous power to Malaya?
1949 Federation of Malaya
What aggravated a situation?
B only restricting ‘Malay nationality’ to those with Malay ethnicity
What did Ja’afar do in 1951?
Left UMNO + formed Independence of Malaya Party - after couldn’t broaden the party’s ethnic membership
How did UMNO still get electoral successes?
Co-operated with MCA + MIC
Didn’t resolve the issues of a racially divided peninsula
Why did the B cooperate with UMNO?
Had positive plan of action
E.g. extending primary education
Were ready to combat tactics by militant groups
Why was a ‘Malayan Emergency’ called?
MRLA + MCP attacked farms + police stations + disrupted transport + communications
When were these left-wing political groups made illegal?
1948
Took 5 years to defeat
Who was shot dead in a guerrilla attack?
Sir Henry Gurney
High Commissioner in Malaya
Why were the B concerned a lot by Malaya?
Fears of communism
Was a valuable economic resource - tin + rubber
A strategic asset
How did they restore stability?
Had to depend on local indigenous elite
Promised self govt
After the emergency in 1955, who became Chief Minister of Malaya?
Tunku
After a break down in discussion with MCP secretary general, what happened?
Tunku went to London to support a deal that would lead to full independence in 1957
Did independence solve internal issues?
Still differences with UMNO + MCA
Formation of Malaysia didn’t last as Singapore was expelled + Brunei pulled out
What factor divided Nigeria?
Ethnicity
Where were the different ethnicities mostly?
North - Islamic area - emirs - anti-western
West - economically prosperous wanted ind
South - inspired by European ideas - professionals + Christian churches
What were the 3 major nationalist independence parties?
The National Council of Nigeria + the Cameroons (NCNC) - widespread with newspapers
The Action Group - wanted autonomous states with federal structure
The Northern People’s Congress (NPC) - wanted to protect north from south influences
How many constitutions were drawn up with the B from 1946-1954?
3
As the B gave more power to local officials what did they rival for?
Govt jobs
Trade permits + licenses + contracts
Scholarships for higher education
What became the structure in the end?
South, West, East + North all became self-gov regions
What had increased resentment in the Rhodesias after WW2?
Increase in white settlers
Low pay
Few rights
How many white settlers in Southern Rhodesia wanted self-govt?
129,000
What did the B do as they knew the mineral wealth of NR would tempt SR?
Created a Federation of Rhodesia + Nyasaland
Known as Central African Federation (CAF)
All 3 had own legislature + govt
What did the CAF actually do?
Southern white Rhodesians used it to enforce their power
Nyasaland was at the centre + resisted CAF in 1953
What did the Governor of Nyasaland do when he feared the collapse of B authority?
Declared State of Emergency
Banned N African Congress (NAC)
Who were imprisoned?
Leaders
1300 detained without trial
2000 imprisoned for offenses related to the emergency
51 killed in accidents
What happened at Nkata Bay 1959?
Prisoners were waiting to be taken to the south
A local Congress leader tried to release them + encouraged a crowd to stand dockside
District Commissioner thought it was out of control + told troops to open fire
What did a B Commission in 1959 say about it?
Emergency was an overreaction
Denounced N for using illegal + unnecessary force
Who agreed to break up the CAF?
Macmillan + Macleod
What was the conclusion in 1964?
NR = Zambia with black majority govt + C
N = Malawi with black majority govt + C
SR = White dominated govt + became Rhodesia
What did SR declare in 1965?
UDI
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
What did other nations think about the UDI?
Rejected as illegal by B + UN + most of the world
B put sanctions but not very useful as SA refused to cooperate
How did this reflect on B?
Showed unable to deal with rebels in ex-colony
Had criticism from Commonwealth
What did the UDI trigger?
15 year long civil war
Between white + black nationalists
When did this end?
1980
Formed Zimbabwe
