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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 1 - The Expansion Of The British Empire In Africa > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Expansion Of The British Empire In Africa Flashcards

1
Q

What made Britain look elsewhere to expand the empire?

A

Loss of American colonies

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2
Q

What was the transition of interest in Africa and Asia called?

A

‘Swing to the East’

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3
Q

What helped Britain advance in methods of transport and weaponry?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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4
Q

How did Britain know about Africas natural resources?

A

Transatlantic slave trade
(Abolished in 1807)

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5
Q

What were the precious commodities in Africa?

A

Gold
Ivory
Diamonds

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6
Q

What other resources were sought in Africa to feed the demands of the British industry?

A

Coal
Iron
Timber

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7
Q

Why else did Britain want to occupy new territories?

A

To secure trade routes

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8
Q

Who else was competing for these trade routes?

A

France
The Dutch

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9
Q

Who wanted a personal influence in Africa?

A

Merchant imperialists : Goldie, Rhodes
Explorers

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10
Q

Who saw it as their duty to spread Christian ideals?

A

Missionaries

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11
Q

Who is the most famous missionary?

A

David Livingstone

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12
Q

What is Muscular Christianity?

A

Type of British cultural supremacy

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13
Q

What did Muscular Christianity put importance on?

A

Christian values
Masculinity
Athleticism

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14
Q

Where did Muscular Christianity occur mostly?

A

English boys public schools
(Most government figures went there)

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15
Q

What year had most of Africa been mapped?

A

1857

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16
Q

Who located vast reserves of raw materials?

A

Explorers

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17
Q

Who were the most famous explorers?

A

David Livingstone
Sir Richard Burton
John Hanning Speke

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18
Q

What did missionaries view traditional African religions as?

A

‘Savage and uncivilised’

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19
Q

What is a Settlement?

A

An area containing British settlers
Under partial British control

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20
Q

What does Occupied mean?

A

Containing British settlers/military
Not under British control

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21
Q

What is a Client state?

A

Area with its own ruler with strong British influence

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22
Q

What is a Chartered company rule?

A

A company with a special licence by the British government given political and economic rights

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23
Q

Why has Egypt been historically important?

A

It’s between African and Asian continents

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24
Q

Who occupied Egypt before the British?

A

Napoleon

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25
Q

Who took over Egypt after France?

A

Muhammad Ali Pasha

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26
Q

What was Muhammad Ali Pasha’s status?

A

Khedive (Viceroy)

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27
Q

What year was Muhammad Ali succeeded?

A

1863
By his grandson Ismai’l Pasha

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28
Q

What natural resource was produced in Egypt after the American Civil War?

A

Cotton

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29
Q

How much did trading grow in 1870 between Britain and Egypt?

A

40%

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30
Q

When did Isma’il Pasha come into power?

A

1863

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31
Q

What was Isma’il Pasha’s aim?

A

To modernise Egypt and Sudan

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32
Q

Who was Isma’il Pasha Khedive of?

A

Egypt and Sudan

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33
Q

What did Isma’il Pasha achieve?

A

Professional army
Irrigation
Railways
Schools
Street lighting
Cutting of the Suez Canal through Egypt

34
Q

What was Isma’il Pasha known as to his People?

A

Isma’il the Magnificent

35
Q

What seas does the Suez Canal connect?

A

Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea

36
Q

How long did it take to complete the Suez Canal?

A

10 years

37
Q

How many miles was the trip from London to Arabia reduced by?

A

5000

38
Q

Who built the Canal?

A

French architect
Ferdinand de Lesseps

39
Q

Who apposed the canal?

A

Prime Minister Lord Palmerston

40
Q

When was the canal opened?

A

1869

41
Q

Whose profits reduced by the opening of the canal?

A

British traders in the Cape

42
Q

What did the Cape redundancy lead to?

A

An economic depression

43
Q

What was the economic depression known as?

A

‘Panic of 1873’

44
Q

How much had Isma’il Pasha’s debt risen?

A

£7 - £10 million

45
Q

How many shares were sold to the British?

A

44%

46
Q

Which Prime Minister bought them?

A

Benjamin Disraeli

47
Q

How much were the shares?

A

£4 million

48
Q

Who did Disraeli borrow the money from?

A

Lionel de Rothschild
(Without government consent)

49
Q

When was Isma’il deposed?

A

1879

50
Q

Why was Isma’il deposed?

A

Economic mismanagement

51
Q

Who replaced him?

A

His son Tewfiq Pasha

52
Q

What measures were put in place to improve the Egyptian economy?

A

Taxation on goods increased
National army reduced by 2/3

53
Q

When was the Arabi Revolt?

A

1882

54
Q

Why was there a revolt?

A

Egyptians disliked their ruling by foreigners

55
Q

Where did the violence take place?

A

Streets of Alexandria

56
Q

How many Europeans died?

A

50

57
Q

What Prime Minister decided to intervene after other revolts?

A

William Gladstone

58
Q

What did Gladstone do to help?

A

Sent Naval forces to bombard Alexandria

59
Q

How long did the battle last?

A

1 hour

60
Q

What happened afterwards?

A

British retook Cairo
Restored Tewfiq as a puppet ruler

61
Q

Who was appointed Consul-General of Egypt?

A

Major Evelyn Baring

62
Q

What confirmed Britains rule of Egypt?

A

The Convention of London 1885

63
Q

What was Britains rule of Egypt classed as?

A

A ‘veiled protectorate’

64
Q

What is a veiled protectorate?

A

A state controlled by another in an indirect manner

65
Q

Who took control of Sudan from 1820-1824?

A

Muhammad Ali Pasha

66
Q

Who was sent to be the ‘Governor- General’ of Sudan?

A

Colonel Charles Gordon

67
Q

Who ruled Sudan when Gordon was sent?

A

Isma’il Pasha

68
Q

Who was the Khedive reliant on economically?

A

The British

69
Q

Why was Gordon unpopular?

A

Ended the slave trade
Caused an economic crisis
Angered slave traders

70
Q

Who did British administrators receive opposition from?

A

Muhammad Ahmad

71
Q

What did Muhammad Ahmad claim himself to be?

A

Mahdi

72
Q

What is Mahdi?

A

An Islamic reformer

73
Q

What did Muhammad Ahmed grow?

A

A jihadist army

74
Q

What’s a Jihadist?

A

A person fighting a holy war

75
Q

Why didn’t the Khedive notice?

A

They were fighting the Arabi Revolt in Egypt

76
Q

What battle happened in 1883?

A

Battle of Sheikan

77
Q

Who won?

A

The Mahdist army

78
Q

Who was killed in the battle?

A

William Hicks

79
Q

Who did Gladstone order to help the evacuation of British and Egyptian troops from Sudan?

A

General Gordon

80
Q

What happened when Gordon refused to retreat?

A

Siege of Khartoum

81
Q

What happened in the Seige?

A

The entire garrison was killed
General Gordon beheaded

82
Q

When was the next time Britain attempted to take control again?

A

1896

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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