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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 13 - Expansion And Contraction Of Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Expansion And Contraction Of Empire Flashcards

1
Q

What started in 1914?

A

WW1

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2
Q

What did B declare war on behalf of?

A

The whole Empire

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3
Q

What did the B assume?

A

War would be short lived
Wouldn’t need to use help from Empire

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4
Q

How many men were used?

A

1.4 million from colonies
5 million from B

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5
Q

What did they actually use from the Empire?

A

Troops from India + Africa + Dominions
Raw materials + food
Helped B victory a lot

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6
Q

What did the colonial leaders then want?

A

Say in the troops actions
Made ‘Imperial war cabinet’
Only 2 sessions held + B still dominated

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7
Q

Did the White Dominions support B in war?

A

Mostly
Large numbers volunteered
But leaders wanted to maintain distinct national identities

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8
Q

Where were the dominions applauded for their bravery?

A

Au + NZ = Gallipoli campaign
C = Vimy Ridge

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9
Q

What did Canada also supply B with?

A

Munitions - made up 1/3 of what was used in France
Wheat

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10
Q

What did General Smuts do?

A

First fought against B in Boer War
Then formed SA Defence Force - fought against Germans
Member of Lloyd George’s Imperial War Cabinet
Advised on military strategy

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11
Q

Where was the war not popular in the Dominions?

A

French C in Quebec - said it was pro-B affair - protests about conscription
A also rejected conscription twice

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12
Q

What fraction of troops in France were Indian or served in India?

A

1/3

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13
Q

Where else had Indian troops helped contribute?

A

Middle East
Africa

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14
Q

How much in 1917 did the Indian govt contribute to B war effort?

A

£100 million

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15
Q

What did Edwin Montagu promise from the support give by India?

A

More ‘responsible’ self-govt for India
Included more representation for ordinary Indians

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16
Q

What were Egyptian soldiers used for?

A

1.2 million to defend Egypt + ME
100,000 fought in Europe - 50% killed

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17
Q

What did black people from the tropical colonies do?

A

Worked in France as labourers and carriers

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18
Q

What did others join from B East Africa?

A

‘Human porters’ who were forced to serve in the fight against Germans in Tanganyika
100,000 died

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19
Q

What development of independence movements came from this?

A

Pan African Congress 1919
SA attended Versailles Peace Conference 1919

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20
Q

What Treaties were written up post-war by the allies?

A

Treaty of Versailles - stripped G of former colonies
Treaty of Sevres
Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of San Remo

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21
Q

What did the B gain from the post-war treaties?

A

1.8 million square miles
13 million new subjects
Gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Cameroon, Tongo, Tanganyika

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22
Q

What was the League of Nations?

A

International org set up by post-war treaties to settle disputes with negotiation + prevent war

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23
Q

What undermined the League?

A

USA refused to join
Rise of fascism + nazism

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24
Q

What reason did the B + French give to have to guide German + Turkish colonies in Africa + ME?

A

They were politically + economically undeveloped
Gave the mandate powers - virtually imperial control

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25
Q

What did the mandate system separate the counties into?

A

A, B, C categories

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26
Q

What was in the A category?

A

Palestine + Mesopotamia
Territories quite developed - ind in near future

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27
Q

What was in the B category?

A

Tanganyika
Longer period of guidance before ind

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28
Q

What was in the C category?

A

New Guinea + Samoa
Ind not considered feasible

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29
Q

Why did B want a Palestinian mandate?

A

Economic + strategic reasons
Protect Suez + was oil rich

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30
Q

What did the B + French plot in 1915?

A

To divide up ME
F would take SE Turkey, N Iraq, Syria + Lebanon
B would take Jordan, S Iraq + Palestine
They encouraged Arab rebellions against Turkish Empire
Lawrence of Arabia

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31
Q

What was the Balfour Declaration?

A

1917 Balfour sent letter to Rothschild - leader of B Jewish community
Released to press + promised B support for ‘national homeland’ for Jews in Palestine

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32
Q

What did the Declaration come out of?

A

Sympathy for Jews
Attempt to win support of anti-imperialist Americans for influence in this area

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33
Q

What was formed when a Zionist Commission was set up in Palestine to campaign for Jewish rights?

A

Muslims + Arabs formed the Muslim-Christian Association

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34
Q

What was the population of Jewish people by 1931 in Palestine?

A

17.7%

35
Q

Why did Leo Amery + Lord Alfred support the Jews?

A

Win sympathy of influential Jewish interests in USA + extent B influence in ME without American opposition

36
Q

When had Ireland been joined to the UK?

A

Since 1801

37
Q

Who had tried to help Ireland with an independence movement?

A

Gladstone + Asquith - His 3rd Home Rule Bill got royal assent but opposed in the area of Ulster that wanted to be united

38
Q

What did Irish volunteers do during the war?

A

Prepared an armed rising against the B

38
Q

Why was the Home Rule Bill also not implemented?

A

War

39
Q

What was put down in 1916?

A

Dublin Easter Rising
Followed by guerrilla warfare - ended 1921

40
Q

What also happened in 1921?

A

Anglo-English Treaty was signed
Meant new Catholic Irish Free State was set up with Dominion status

41
Q

Who opposed this?

A

6 N Protestant counties
Stayed with B

42
Q

What was the Irish Free State’s new name?

A

Eire

43
Q

When did it get full independence?

A

1937 Statute of Westminster

44
Q

What was Egypt granted in 1922?

A

Formal independence
Still B client state until 1954

45
Q

Where did the troops stay in Egypt until the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936?

A

Stationed in Egypt
Agreed troops would withdraw but continue to defend Suez Canal Zone

46
Q

In return what did Egypt do?

A

Joined the League of Nations

47
Q

When did B loose Iraq (Mesopotamia)?

A

1932
New govt stayed closed economic + military ties with B

48
Q

Why did B rule Iraq with a mandated territory for 12 years?

A

Protected monarchial rule - Royal Family of Hejaz
Country never stable + conflicting national movements caused problems

49
Q

What war had more conflict in the Empire?

A

WW2

50
Q

Why was there more conflict?

A

New demands for greater autonomy after the war

51
Q

What did Japan take in 1942?

A

Singapore
Malaya
Burma
Tried to attack India

52
Q

Why was the loss of Singapore the worst?

A

Was B main military naval base
Brought largest surrender of B troops in history

53
Q

How was the Japanese attempt of invasion of India dealt with?

A

Narrowly averted + B + allies stopped the conquests in this region

54
Q

What did the success of the Japanese end?

A

Myth of ‘white invincibility’
Gave new confidence to movements across SE Asia

55
Q

What did the 30,000 Indian troops that were captured by the J in Singapore join?

A

Indian National Army (INA)
Aimed to rid India + Asia of B
Led from 1943 by Subhas Chandra Bose

56
Q

In Burma what did Aung San + Japanese form?

A

Burma Independence Army
Also fought against B

57
Q

Where did the Germans come close to taking B influence in ME?

A

Battle of El Alamein
1942 B defeated G + started to get G out of N Africa

58
Q

What circumstances had changed after WW2?

A

Economic position weakened
Labour govt elected 1945 - Atlee
Ind movements stronger esp India + ME

59
Q

What came out of nationalist demands for self-govt after WW1?

A

Government of India Act 1919
Sharing of powers with Indian Ministers + B Viceroy

60
Q

What did the B do after this as they thought it might allow more nationalist movements?

A

‘Twin track’ strategy
Reforms that work + Punishment for resistance

61
Q

What did the Rowlett Act 1919 do?

A

Gave authorities power to arrest or imprison anyone who protested against B rule

62
Q

What did the Act actually do?

A

Created more resistance
Amritsar massacre

63
Q

What failed in moving India to dominion status?

A

Round Table Conference

64
Q

What did the Government of India Act 1935 do?

A

Increased vote to Indians
But most wanted full independence still

65
Q

What did B retreat to in 1930s?

A

Former policy of ‘divide + rule’

66
Q

What did the two nationalist sides want?

A

All Muslim League = Separate Pakistan
Hindu Congress Movement = United India

67
Q

Who did the B favour?

A

All Muslim League
Divisions ‘justified’ B rule

68
Q

When did the nationalists suspend their movements?

A

1939
To support B war effort

69
Q

What did the B do after the emergence of the INA?

A

Adopted a policy of repression imprisoning Congress leader
Blatantly being in favour of Muslim League

70
Q

What did Churchill send a labour member of the wartime coalition govt to do in 1942?

A

Promise Indians full Dominion status

71
Q

What did Gandhi still do?

A

Him + other Congress leaders launched ‘Quit India’
Arrested + spent rest of war in prison

72
Q

What reasons did the Labour govt grant India independence 1945?

A

Feared widespread violent resistance stretching military resources
INA might mean Indian soldiers unreliable - B troops sent over = expensive when in economic troubles
No cotton profits, costs outstrip benefits

73
Q

What was decided to be part of this independence?

A

Partition
India + Pakistan

74
Q

What was the outcome of this?

A

Violence of Hindus + Muslims escalated
Both fled to their ‘homelands’
1 million died in the violence

75
Q

What were the B working towards in Burma in 1947?

A

Decolonisation

76
Q

What was the Anti-Fascist Organisation’s role in this?

A

Initially supported J against B
Realised allied victory was more likely to bring independence
B Governor Smith came back to reconstruct + turned them into a resistance group

77
Q

What did Lord Mountbatten do in 1945?

A

Realised strength of support for Aung San
Agreed that Burma National Army could be incorporated into new army + made Aung San leader in post-war

78
Q

What happened in 1946?

A

Rising disobedience
Smith + Rance replaced him
Attlee didn’t want to commit troops to impose B authority
Would be ind in 1948

79
Q

What was the effect of WW2 on Palestine?

A

Due to holocaust more Jewish people to migrate

80
Q

What were the two major problems for B?

A

USA Truman favoured Jewish settlement in Palestine + B needed US economic aid but wanted to retain allies with Arabs
Outbreaks of Jewish terrorism against B + didn’t want to police or use resources

81
Q

What were the three possible solutions?

A

Unitary State - Arab majority rule
Provincial autonomy - divided smaller areas ind ruled - still lead to Arab rule
Partition - favoured by Jewish

82
Q

Who did the B pass the problem onto to not alienate the Arabs?

A

UN
Withdrew from Palestine by 1948

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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