Chapter 20 - Colonial Policy And Administration

Question 1

What is the Commonwealth?

Answer 1

A voluntary association where almost all former colonies joined

Question 2

What was the empire seen important for?

Answer 2

Re-establishing B ‘great power’ status

Question 3

What did colonial administrators then have to take on the role of?

Answer 3

Modernising economies at speed
Improvements in agriculture
Steps towards industrialisation

Question 4

What was this known as?

Answer 4

‘Economic colonialisation’

Question 5

Where did B administrators give indigenous leaders less power?

Answer 5

Kenya
Rhodesias
Malaya
(Couldn’t rely on them anymore)

Question 6

What was the ‘second colonial occupation’?

Answer 6

B forced economic change
Experts and settlers send in

Question 7

What famous speech was said in 1960 by Harold Macmillan?

Answer 7

‘Wind of change’

Question 8

What did this say?

Answer 8

Suggested a shift in Conservative thinking to withdraw from colonies
Said they’ve been educated - capable of governance
Flattered B efforts
Villainised communism

Question 9

What was decolonisation painted as?

Answer 9

A ‘gift’ from the B

Question 10

What was B concerned about by 1947?

Answer 10

Communist R in the Middle East

Question 11

Despite withdrawal from Palestine what control did they still have in the Middle East?

Answer 11

10,000 troops in Suez Canal Zone
Aden
Cyprus
Air-forces Iraq

Question 12

Who did the B try to negotiate with to resist communism?

Answer 12

The nationalist Arab League

Question 13

What did King Farouk of Egypt do in 1951?

Answer 13

Renounced treaty + proclaimed himself King of the Sudan
He was then overthrown by military led by Nasser

Question 14

Who negotiated with the Egyptians for Sudan’s independence?

Answer 14

Anthony Eden

Question 15

What did the B agree in 1954?

Answer 15

To phase out troops from Suez Canal Zone over 20 months
Mostly because they couldn’t afford to maintain them or resist guerrilla attacks

Question 16

What did the Egyptians promise the B in return?

Answer 16

Free access through the Suez
Maintenance of former B bases
To respect independence of Suez Canal Company

Question 17

What pact in 1955 was make to repel Soviet threat to the middle east?

Answer 17

Baghdad Pact
Inc = Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, B, Persia

Question 18

Who refused to sign this pact?

Answer 18

Nasser

Question 19

What did he do?

Answer 19

Thought it threatened Egypt’s dominance
Turned to communist Czechoslovakia for arms
Joined with Syria
Made himself President of Egypt

Question 20

What did Nasser aim to do for Egypt?

Answer 20

Wanted it as a leading power of the ME
Wanted to construct Aswan High Dam - helped irrigation, food control + electrification

Question 21

Where did he get financial aid?

Answer 21

From R + USA
USA withdrew because of their association with communism

Question 22

What did Nasser announce in 1956?

Answer 22

The nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company

Question 23

Why was this harmful for the B?

Answer 23

They owned 44% of shares
Reduced their control

Question 24

Who was also displeased by this?

Answer 24

The French
B tried to use diplomacy to reverse the decision
F + B + Israel joint to assault Nasser
Eden believed removing Nasser was the only way to protect interests

Question 25

What was the plan called?

Answer 25

‘The Protocol of Sevres’
Israel would attack Egypt
Then next day B + F call a cease-fire
They would then invade the Canal to ‘defend’ it

Question 26

Where did the Israeli forces lead the Egyptians?

Answer 26

To the canal where they meet F + B

Question 27

What did the B miscalculate?

Answer 27

The international reaction
They didn’t inform the USA

Question 28

What did the USA do in retaliation?

Answer 28

Condemned the attack
Refused to support the sterling in its crisis

Question 29

What was the aftermath?

Answer 29

B ceasefired in 5 days
B + F withdrew troops
UN forced to clear blocked canal

Question 30

What were the consequences of the Suez crisis?

Answer 30

B govt wouldn’t act alone in affairs without approval of USA
Containing nationalist movements was harder
Questioned holding onto African colonies

Question 31

What showed the USA’s determination to act as a global leader?

Answer 31

The Truman Doctrine
$400 million put into military + economic assistance for Greece + Turkey - mostly resisting communism

Question 32

What changed the environment for B imperial policy?

Answer 32

The Cold War

Question 33

What was B limited by after the war?

Answer 33

Loans from USA

Question 34

What was the US Marshall Plan?

Answer 34

Provided B with $3.3 billion

Question 35

What did B also rely on for defence?

Answer 35

NATO

Question 36

What did the Dominions also do?

Answer 36

Turned to the USA

Question 37

What alliance in 1954 acknowledged the need for an American led protective alliance?

Answer 37

South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
Inc = Australia, F, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, B, USA

Question 38

What Community joined European countries together economically?

Answer 38

European Economic Community

Question 39

Who vetoed B membership twice?

Answer 39

Gaulle
1963 + 1967
Eventually joined in 1973

Question 40

What did the PM announce in 1968?

Answer 40

That B troops would be withdrawn from military bases in South East Asia, Persian Gulf + Maldives

Question 41

What was the Commonwealth originally?

Answer 41

An exclusive club for Dominions that accepted B sovereignty

Question 42

What did the Commonwealth become after more countries joined + after WW2?

Answer 42

Surrendering formal imperial control + having informal ties
Protected economic interests

Question 43

What was the Commonwealth seen as?

Answer 43

A family of countries that shared history and B values