Chapter 20 - Colonial Policy And Administration Flashcards
What is the Commonwealth?
A voluntary association where almost all former colonies joined
What was the empire seen important for?
Re-establishing B ‘great power’ status
What did colonial administrators then have to take on the role of?
Modernising economies at speed
Improvements in agriculture
Steps towards industrialisation
What was this known as?
‘Economic colonialisation’
Where did B administrators give indigenous leaders less power?
Kenya
Rhodesias
Malaya
(Couldn’t rely on them anymore)
What was the ‘second colonial occupation’?
B forced economic change
Experts and settlers send in
What famous speech was said in 1960 by Harold Macmillan?
‘Wind of change’
What did this say?
Suggested a shift in Conservative thinking to withdraw from colonies
Said they’ve been educated - capable of governance
Flattered B efforts
Villainised communism
What was decolonisation painted as?
A ‘gift’ from the B
What was B concerned about by 1947?
Communist R in the Middle East
Despite withdrawal from Palestine what control did they still have in the Middle East?
10,000 troops in Suez Canal Zone
Aden
Cyprus
Air-forces Iraq
Who did the B try to negotiate with to resist communism?
The nationalist Arab League
What did King Farouk of Egypt do in 1951?
Renounced treaty + proclaimed himself King of the Sudan
He was then overthrown by military led by Nasser
Who negotiated with the Egyptians for Sudan’s independence?
Anthony Eden
What did the B agree in 1954?
To phase out troops from Suez Canal Zone over 20 months
Mostly because they couldn’t afford to maintain them or resist guerrilla attacks
What did the Egyptians promise the B in return?
Free access through the Suez
Maintenance of former B bases
To respect independence of Suez Canal Company
What pact in 1955 was make to repel Soviet threat to the middle east?
Baghdad Pact
Inc = Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, B, Persia
Who refused to sign this pact?
Nasser
What did he do?
Thought it threatened Egypt’s dominance
Turned to communist Czechoslovakia for arms
Joined with Syria
Made himself President of Egypt
What did Nasser aim to do for Egypt?
Wanted it as a leading power of the ME
Wanted to construct Aswan High Dam - helped irrigation, food control + electrification
Where did he get financial aid?
From R + USA
USA withdrew because of their association with communism
What did Nasser announce in 1956?
The nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company
Why was this harmful for the B?
They owned 44% of shares
Reduced their control
Who was also displeased by this?
The French
B tried to use diplomacy to reverse the decision
F + B + Israel joint to assault Nasser
Eden believed removing Nasser was the only way to protect interests
What was the plan called?
‘The Protocol of Sevres’
Israel would attack Egypt
Then next day B + F call a cease-fire
They would then invade the Canal to ‘defend’ it
Where did the Israeli forces lead the Egyptians?
To the canal where they meet F + B
What did the B miscalculate?
The international reaction
They didn’t inform the USA
What did the USA do in retaliation?
Condemned the attack
Refused to support the sterling in its crisis
What was the aftermath?
B ceasefired in 5 days
B + F withdrew troops
UN forced to clear blocked canal
What were the consequences of the Suez crisis?
B govt wouldn’t act alone in affairs without approval of USA
Containing nationalist movements was harder
Questioned holding onto African colonies
What showed the USA’s determination to act as a global leader?
The Truman Doctrine
$400 million put into military + economic assistance for Greece + Turkey - mostly resisting communism
What changed the environment for B imperial policy?
The Cold War
What was B limited by after the war?
Loans from USA
What was the US Marshall Plan?
Provided B with $3.3 billion
What did B also rely on for defence?
NATO
What did the Dominions also do?
Turned to the USA
What alliance in 1954 acknowledged the need for an American led protective alliance?
South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
Inc = Australia, F, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, B, USA
What Community joined European countries together economically?
European Economic Community
Who vetoed B membership twice?
Gaulle
1963 + 1967
Eventually joined in 1973
What did the PM announce in 1968?
That B troops would be withdrawn from military bases in South East Asia, Persian Gulf + Maldives
What was the Commonwealth originally?
An exclusive club for Dominions that accepted B sovereignty
What did the Commonwealth become after more countries joined + after WW2?
Surrendering formal imperial control + having informal ties
Protected economic interests
What was the Commonwealth seen as?
A family of countries that shared history and B values
