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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 4 - Attitudes To Empire - The Role And Influence Of Individuals > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Attitudes To Empire - The Role And Influence Of Individuals Flashcards

1
Q

What type of individuals took an interest in the empire?

A

Explorers
Missionaries
Traders + colonial administrators
Government

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2
Q

Who were the most famous explorers?

A

David Livingstone
John Kirk
Richard Burton
John Hanning Speke

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3
Q

How did they open up the interior of Africa?

A

Lectured and published their findings
Produced maps

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4
Q

Who did they open the option of travelling to Africa to?

A

Missionaries
Traders

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5
Q

Who was the most famous Victorian explorer?

A

David Livingstone

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6
Q

How did he begin his travels?

A

As a missionary doctor in South Africa

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7
Q

What nationality is he?

A

Scottish

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8
Q

What society was he part of?

A

The London Missionary Society

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9
Q

What was his aim?

A

To spread Christianity and Commerce in Africa

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10
Q

What year did he first travel to SA?

A

1841

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11
Q

Why did he return to the UK?

A

He fell out with his missionary partner

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12
Q

Where did he lecture in the UK?

A

Cambridge University

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13
Q

What did he talk about in his lectures?

A

Geography
Mineralogy
Diseases
Languages
Cultures in Africa

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14
Q

What year did he return to Africa?

A

1858

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15
Q

Why did the government fund Livingstone in his return?

A

He claimed to ‘go back and try to open up a path for commerce and Christianity’

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16
Q

What official title did he receive?

A

Consul for the East Coast of Africa

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17
Q

What river did he start to explore?

A

Zambezi

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18
Q

How many letters did he send back from this?

A

2000

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19
Q

What exemplified Livingstone’s ‘saintliness’?

A

Accounts published with illustrations

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20
Q

What expedition did Livingstone go missing on?

A

Finding the source of the Nile

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21
Q

What year did Livingstone die?

A

1873

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22
Q

What did he die from?

A

Malaria + dysentery

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23
Q

What was he seen as by the British public?

A

A martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire

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24
Q

What did Livingstone think about slavery?

A

He disagreed with it

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25
Q

What were men like Livingstone known as?

A

‘Men on the spot’

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26
Q

What nationality was John Kirk?

A

Scottish

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27
Q

What were his jobs?

A

He was a physician and botanist

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28
Q

Which explorer did he assist?

A

Livingstone

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29
Q

What expedition was it?

A

To find natural resources along the Zambezi River

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30
Q

How did he nearly die?

A

Drowning in rapids

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31
Q

What did he collect on the exhibition?

A

Mussels and sent them back to Britain

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32
Q

What did he become in 1870?

A

British consul in Zanzibar

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33
Q

What did he want to do in Zanzibar?

A

Abolish slavery

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34
Q

Why was Zanzibar of commercial interest?

A

It’s clove and ivory exports

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35
Q

What was Zanzibar the first to have in East Africa?

A

A railway

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36
Q

What did Kirk ensure?

A

That Zanzibar operated as a British client

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37
Q

What year did East Africa become British?

A

1895

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38
Q

What were the jobs of Richard Burton?

A

Linguist
Scholar
Explorer

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39
Q

What was Burton interested in?

A

Muslim life and manners

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40
Q

When did he become famous for his stories?

A

1850s

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41
Q

How did he get the information for his book on Muslim life and manners?

A

Visited sacred Islamic cities like Mecca

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42
Q

Why was this famous?

A

No Western Christian had been there before

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43
Q

What was he in his early life?

A

A captain in the EIC’s army

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44
Q

How was he wounded in his exploration of Somaliland?

A

A natives javelin went through his jaw

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45
Q

Why did he have to abandon his expedition in Zanzibar?

A

He got malaria

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46
Q

Who became his companion?

A

John Speke

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47
Q

What did they discover together?

A

Lake Victoria

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48
Q

What did Speke believe Lake Victoria was?

A

The source of the Nile

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49
Q

Did Burton agree?

A

No

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50
Q

What association wanted them to discuss this?

A

Association for the Advancement of Science

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51
Q

Why didn’t Burton attend?

A

Speke died

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52
Q

What did he spend his last years doing?

A

Travelling and publishing

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53
Q

How many books did he produce?

A

43

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54
Q

Why did he have a dangerous reputation?

A

He wrote essays on pornography, homosexuality and sexual education of women

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55
Q

What society did he co-found?

A

The Anthropological Society

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56
Q

Who did he co-found it with?

A

Dr. James Hunt

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57
Q

What did the society promote?

A

Racist views that people of different races have different genetic origins

58
Q

What was this known as?

A

Scientific racism

59
Q

What other scientific theory supported this view?

A

Social Darwinism

60
Q

What did social Darwinists think?

A

That there was survival of the fittest and only the strongest societies could survive

61
Q

What was the concept used to justify?

A

Colonisation

62
Q

What did this inspire in the twentieth century?

A

The Nazi regime

63
Q

Was it actually Darwin’s theory?

A

No it was adapted

64
Q

Who did John Hanning Speke work alongside and in competition with?

A

Richard Burton

65
Q

What did they try and find together?

A

The source of the Nile

66
Q

What lake did he find when he separated from Burton?

A

Lake Victoria

67
Q

What did he believe Lake Victoria to be?

A

The source of the Nile

68
Q

Why couldn’t Speke dispute the findings with Burton?

A

He died in a shooting accident
(Probably suicide)

69
Q

What were missionaries committed to doing?

A

Spreading God’s message to the ‘uncivilised’ in the colonies

70
Q

What were the types of missionaries?

A

Anglicans
Roman Catholics
Presbyterians
Methodists

71
Q

What are Anglicans?

A

Members of the Protestant church of England

72
Q

What are Roman Catholics?

A

Believe the Pope to be head of the Christian Church

73
Q

What are non-conformists?

A

A member of a Protestant church that acts independently from the established church of England

74
Q

What are Presbyterians?

A

Protestant non-conformist denomination with simple services and no bishop

75
Q

What are Methodists?

A

A Protestant non-conformist group that grew strongly in some of Englands industrial working class commmunities

76
Q

What was conversion seen as at the start of the 19th century?

A

As a part of a Christian’s duty

77
Q

What did the missionary movement represent a distinct form of?

A

Cultural and ‘Christian imperialism’

78
Q

What did missionaries also represent the ideas of?

A

Muscular Christianity

79
Q

What did missionaries do for the empire?

A

Open up territories

80
Q

How else did they allow the empire to have influence?

A

Going beyond colonial frontiers
Establishing links with indigenous communities
Seeking imperial protection
Sharing knowledge with secular authorities

81
Q

What does secular mean?

A

Without religious basis
E.g. police, military and govt

82
Q

Why did females want to become missionaries?

A

To escape strict gender roles

83
Q

What were female missionaries particularly concerned about?

A

The rights of women and children

84
Q

How did they win the respect of native people?

A

Learned local languages
Assimilated the local culture

85
Q

Who was the most prominent?

A

Mary Slessor

86
Q

What did Mary Slessor aim to do?

A

Stop the killing of twins in Nigeria

87
Q

Who was another female missionary?

A

Amy Carmichael

88
Q

What did Amy Carmichael do?

A

Fought to rescue ‘temple children’ in India

89
Q

What were ‘temple children’?

A

Mostly young girls forced into prostitution

90
Q

What did missionaries do in return for conversion?

A

Set up churches
Schools
Housing
Farm work
Answers to moral questions

91
Q

Who would missionaries conflict with?

A

Indigenous people
Colonial rulers
Other missionaries

92
Q

Although missionaries helped expansion what did they also do?

A

Delayed annexation and colonisation
Challenged imperial authority

93
Q

Who helped the British flag follow British trade?

A

Cecil Rhodes
William Mackinnon
George Goldie

94
Q

What did Cecil Rhodes own?

A

All the diamonds in South Africa

95
Q

What percentage of the global production of diamonds did he own?

A

90%

96
Q

What did Rhodes do after an epidemic wiped out the vineyards in the Cape?

A

Invested in fruit growing

97
Q

What company did he form?

A

The British South Africa Company

98
Q

What did the British South Africa Company receive?

A

A royal charter

99
Q

Where did Rhodes become the Prime Minister of?

A

Cape Colony

100
Q

What did he do to make room for industrial development?

A

Forced indigenous tribes out of their lands

101
Q

What was Zambesia renamed to?

A

Rhodesia

102
Q

What did he believe about race?

A

‘The more we inhabit the better for the human race’

103
Q

What did Sir William Mackinnon do?

A

Ship-owner and businessman

104
Q

What company did he found?

A

The Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company

105
Q

What did the company then become?

A

The British India Steam Navigation Company

106
Q

What company did he make that received a charter?

A

The Imperial British East Africa Company

107
Q

How did it establish influence in the region?

A

With support of the British government

108
Q

What year was there a conflict between the company and local people?

A

1892

109
Q

What did Uganda then become when the British government had the transfer of power?

A

A protectorate

110
Q

What did he then combine his company with?

A

His religious principles making a free church

111
Q

What did the family of George Goldie buy?

A

A palm oil plantation in the Niger

112
Q

What could palm oil be used in?

A

Soap and candles and lubricant

113
Q

What did he persuade other trading firms in the Niger to do?

A

Join to from the United African Company

114
Q

What did this create?

A

A monopoly

115
Q

How many years did it take to be granted a charter?

A

5

116
Q

What did F.W. Lorder’s discovery of palm kernels mean?

A

That he could sell them to make margarine

117
Q

How did he get along with the tribal chiefs?

A

Made them sign treaties where they could only deal with him and he will buy all of their produce

118
Q

In return what were the tribal chiefs offered?

A

Protection
Compensation
Goods
Annual subsidies

119
Q

What countries companies did Goldie have to buy out for the monopoly?

A

French

120
Q

What other products did he start selling?

A

Cocoa

121
Q

Where could Britain assert its authority over northern and southern Niger?

A

The Berlin Conference

122
Q

What year did the British government take direct control of Nigeria?

A

1900

123
Q

How much did they pay Goldie for this?

A

£850,000

124
Q

What did Goldie become in later years?

A

A British colonial administrator

125
Q

Who was Britain’s empire typically run by?

A

‘Men on the spot’

126
Q

Who were two colonial administrators?

A

Sir Evelyn Baring
Bartle Frere

127
Q

Where did Baring serve as a private secretary to the Viceroy?

A

India

128
Q

What was his nickname from being arrogant and patronising?

A

Over-baring

129
Q

What did he believe in?

A

British superiority over the Indians and Egyptians

130
Q

Where was his second posting as Consul General?

A

Egypt

131
Q

Who did he help out with financial difficulties?

A

Isma’il Pasha

132
Q

What did he approve?

A

The Dufferin Report

133
Q

What was the Dufferin Report?

A

Established an Egyptian puppet parliament

134
Q

What did this then establish?

A

A veiled protectorate where he ruled the rulers of Egypt

135
Q

Where did Bartle Frere begin his career?

A

In the Indian Civil Service

136
Q

Why did he receive a knighthood?

A

For his support in helping crush the Indian mutiny

137
Q

When was he appointed Commissioner of Cape Colony?

A

1877

138
Q

Where did he attempt to increase control?

A

South Africa

139
Q

What did this lead to?

A

A war with the local Zulu tribe

140
Q

Who removed him from his actions?

A

Gladstone’s liberal government

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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