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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 7 - Consolidation And Expansion Of The British Empire In Africa > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Consolidation And Expansion Of The British Empire In Africa Flashcards

1
Q

From the 1890s what became more assertive?

A

British policy in Africa

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2
Q

Until the 1880s why had Britain established themselves in places?

A

Strategic value
Trade
Matching settlements of international competitors
Claiming area where British traders had already been

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3
Q

What were private chartered companies used for?

A

To occupy and administer territory

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4
Q

Why did B policy change?

A

Attitudes in B changed

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5
Q

What did the Conservative govt in 1895 want to uphold?

A

B position in every part of the world

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6
Q

What did this bring?

A

Wars
Threats of war

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7
Q

Why were B protectorates expanded?

A

To provide better security to pre-existing ports + markets + resources

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8
Q

Why were territories taken?

A

To limit the advancement of other European imperialists

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9
Q

What was agreed in the Berlin Conference 1884-5?

A

Imperial powers had to show evidence of their ‘effective occupation’ of African territories to claim them as formal colonies

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10
Q

What percentage of Africa was under native rule during the conference?

A

80%

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11
Q

What percentage was in 20 years later?

A

10%

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12
Q

What places were converted into protectorates or colonies 1890-1914?

A

Sierra Leone - P - 1896
Gold Coast - C - 1902
Transvaal - Union - 1902
Egypt + Sudan - P - 1914
Southern Nigeria - C - 1906
Northern Nigeria - C - 1900
They united 1914
British East Africa - P - 1895
Uganda - P - 1894
Zanzibar - P - 1890
Nyasaland - P - 1907
Matabeleland - 1895 became Rhodesia
Southern + Northern Rhodesia - P - 1901+11

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13
Q

Why was more land from previous Chartered companies given to B?

A

Costs for the company were unsustainable

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14
Q

How did B expansionism happen?

A

Treaties
Intimidation
Wars

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15
Q

What is the ‘peripheral theory’ of imperialism?

A

The idea that B was pulled into Africa by local crises or events which threatened its interests and credibility

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16
Q

What countries were added to B West Africa?

A

Gambia
Sierra Leone
Gold Coast
(Land added to) : Ashantiland + Nigeria

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17
Q

What did the British do in Ashantiland?

A

Demanded that their King (Prempeh) should give the rest of his empire to the B as a protectorate

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18
Q

What did this cause?

A

A fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
B conquered the Ashanti territories + forced King from throne 1896

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19
Q

What lead to B formal annexation?

A

Ashanti uprising 1900
It was incorperated into the Gold Coast Colony in 1902

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20
Q

How did the B establish their claim to Nigeria?

A

1890 agreement with the French - they recognised B domination of the area for recognition of French’s claim to Madagascar

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21
Q

What company did the B govt take over from?

A

Royal Niger Company
North + South Nigeria unified in 1914

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22
Q

What countries were included in B East Africa?

A

Rhodesia
Zanzibar
Uganda
Kenya
Sudan
Somaliland

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23
Q

Who did B sign a treaty with to establish spheres of influence in East Africa?

A

Germany

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24
Q

What did B do in Zanzibar?

A

Installed ‘puppet’ Sultan Hamad
He had a mysterious death + his cousin Khalid went after him without B blessing

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25
Q

What happened when B asked Khalid to stand down?

A

He refused
B mounted a naval bombardment of the Sultan’s palace

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26
Q

What is it recorded as?

A

The shortest war in history - 38 mins

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27
Q

Who replaced him?

A

Pro-B Sultan Hamud

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28
Q

Who caused civil war in Uganda to stop missionaries?

A

Mwanga - he fled

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29
Q

What did he promise?

A

To hand over some sovereignty to the Imperial British East Africa Company for B support
His power was restored 1889

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30
Q

Who did he sign a treaty with in 1890?

A

Lord Lugard on behalf of Imperial British East Africa Company for powers over revenue + trade + administration of justice

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31
Q

Who was this passed onto in 1894?

A

The Crown
Buganda became a Protectorate part of Uganda

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32
Q

What did B construct in Uganda?

A

Ugandan Railway
To connect coast with fertile land

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33
Q

What was the railway known as?

A

‘Lunatic Line’
Took 5 years to build + 5 million + 2500 lives

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34
Q

What reasons were justified for making it?

A

Access to new markets
Colonial settlement
Exports for tea + coffee
Protected Nile against enemies
promoted tourism + safari tours

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35
Q

When did Britain have an initial interest in Kenya?

A

The Berlin Conference 1884-5

36
Q

Why was it useful territory?

A

Offered a route from the coast to Uganda

37
Q

What did the B use to help gain control?

A

Dispute between the native Mazrui + Muslim majority

38
Q

Who used weapons from the Germans to go against the B?

A

Mbaruk bin Rashid

39
Q

How long did it take to overthrow him?

A

9 months

40
Q

What did the territory become when Mbaruk fled?

A

Part of B East Africa Protectorate of 1895

41
Q

What left Sudan in a weakened state?

A

The Mahdist Revolt 1881-5

42
Q

What did Khalifa Abdullah try to do the same year?

A

Bring people in Sudan together

43
Q

Why didn’t this work?

A

War from internal resistance fighters
Disease
Famine

44
Q

What did Gladstone want?

A

To withdraw B troops as soon as it was safe to do so

45
Q

What did the PM in 1885 Sailsbury think?

A

Egypt was vital to security of B route to India so it was vital to gain at least parts of the Sudan

46
Q

What was he also worried about?

A

Other European Nations

47
Q

Why were they concerned about the French and the Germans?

A

They were expanding into East Africa - scared they might gain control of Nile - vital for Egypt

48
Q

What did Sailsbury do to keep others out?

A

Signed a treaty with the Germans 1890
Germans got Tanganyika
B got Kenya + Uganda

49
Q

What were the French persuaded to do?

A

Concentrate on West Africa

50
Q

Why was Italian expansion on Red Sea Coast beneficial for B?

A

It diverted the Khalifa’s attention from Egyptian borders

51
Q

Why was the diversion lost?

A

The Italians were defeated at Adowa 1896
They were trying to seize Abyssinia

52
Q

What did it give the Sailsbury an excuse to do?

A

A B campaign in the Sudan

53
Q

What was it told to the public as?

A

A campaign to aid Italy
To uphold European civilisation
To revenge the death of General Gordon

54
Q

Who was given orders to conquer Sudanese territory?

A

General Kitchener

55
Q

Where did he have a success?

A

Battle of Omdurman 1898

56
Q

What was the ‘Fashoda incident’?

A

Where a French exhibition came on the Headquarters of the Nile
B wanted north to south territory
F wanted East to West territory
Major Marchand and Kitchener met
But French stepped down

57
Q

What was it seen as to the British public?

A

That France + B were on the brink of war

58
Q

Why did the French back down?

A

Had internal problems
They were aware of B army in the Sudan

59
Q

What did the agreement of 1899 conclude?

A

F promised to stay out of Nile for territory further West

60
Q

Who else had an agreement in 1899?

A

Egypt + B

61
Q

What did it establish?

A

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

62
Q

What was the arrangement known as?

A

A condominium
Run by B but supported by Egyptians

63
Q

Who was made the first Governor-General?

A

Kitchener

64
Q

What did he set up?

A

‘Gordon College’
To help young Sudanese run their own country

65
Q

Why did B reinforce its Somaliland protectorate?

A

To limit French and Italian ambitions in that area

66
Q

Why was the location important?

A

Crucial access to Indian Ocean + colonies in East

67
Q

What countries was B involved in in South Africa?

A

Rhodesia
Nyasaland
Cape Colony

68
Q

When was ‘South Zambesia’ known as ‘Southern Rhodesia’?

A

1895
After Rhodes forced B settlers in the area

69
Q

Why did nearly half of those settlers die?

A

Wars with native Ndebele

70
Q

How was the territory taken north of the Zambezi River?

A

Separate treaties with African Chiefs

71
Q

Who opened up Nyasaland to the B?

A

Livingstone + Scottish missionaries

72
Q

Who fought against the B until 1897 in Nysaland?

A

Portuguese backed Arabians who used guerrilla warfare

73
Q

What’s guerrilla warfare?

A

Pursued by civilian forces rather than conventional armies

74
Q

When did Nyasaland become a protectorate?

A

1907

75
Q

Who wanted a confederation of South Africa?

A

Cecil Rhodes + Joseph Chamberlain

76
Q

Why was this important to do for them?

A

To counter German territorial gains
To stop Boer confidence from the Transvaal’s gold wealth

77
Q

Who asked help from Rhodes when they were denied citizenship + voting rights?

A

The Uitlanders
(British who came over in the gold rush)

78
Q

What did a raid from Rhodesia to the cape colony cause?

A

Discredit on B govt
Made Boers determination bigger to resist B
Boers formed anti-B ‘Africaner Bond’
Kruger seen as hero (PM)

79
Q

What was the Jamerson Raid?

A

Uitlanders pulled back from planned rising against Boer govt
Rhodes still told Dr Jamerson to invade Transvaal
Only had 500 police so easily defeated
Surrendered after 4 days
Jameson + 12 sentenced to imprisonment in B
Rhodes had to resign Cape premiership but not on trial

80
Q

Who gave covert support but wanted to avoid war?

A

Chamberlain

81
Q

When did Negotiations with the Boers break down?

A

1899

82
Q

What was the ‘Second’ Boer war?

A

Boers invaded B territory - Natal
British fought back - defeated 1902

83
Q

How much did the B put into the war?

A

400,000 imperial troops
£210 million (at that time)
Lead by Kitchener + Roberts

84
Q

What ended the war?

A

Peace of Vereenigning 1902
Boers aknowledged themselves as B subjects
Boer Republics became B colonies with promise of self-govt

85
Q

When was this granted?

A

1905

86
Q

When did the PMs draw up a constitution for the ‘Union of South Africa’?

A

1908
included : Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, Natal

87
Q

What did it become in 1910?

A

B Dominion Territory

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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