Chapter 7 - Consolidation And Expansion Of The British Empire In Africa Flashcards
From the 1890s what became more assertive?
British policy in Africa
Until the 1880s why had Britain established themselves in places?
Strategic value
Trade
Matching settlements of international competitors
Claiming area where British traders had already been
What were private chartered companies used for?
To occupy and administer territory
Why did B policy change?
Attitudes in B changed
What did the Conservative govt in 1895 want to uphold?
B position in every part of the world
What did this bring?
Wars
Threats of war
Why were B protectorates expanded?
To provide better security to pre-existing ports + markets + resources
Why were territories taken?
To limit the advancement of other European imperialists
What was agreed in the Berlin Conference 1884-5?
Imperial powers had to show evidence of their ‘effective occupation’ of African territories to claim them as formal colonies
What percentage of Africa was under native rule during the conference?
80%
What percentage was in 20 years later?
10%
What places were converted into protectorates or colonies 1890-1914?
Sierra Leone - P - 1896
Gold Coast - C - 1902
Transvaal - Union - 1902
Egypt + Sudan - P - 1914
Southern Nigeria - C - 1906
Northern Nigeria - C - 1900
They united 1914
British East Africa - P - 1895
Uganda - P - 1894
Zanzibar - P - 1890
Nyasaland - P - 1907
Matabeleland - 1895 became Rhodesia
Southern + Northern Rhodesia - P - 1901+11
Why was more land from previous Chartered companies given to B?
Costs for the company were unsustainable
How did B expansionism happen?
Treaties
Intimidation
Wars
What is the ‘peripheral theory’ of imperialism?
The idea that B was pulled into Africa by local crises or events which threatened its interests and credibility
What countries were added to B West Africa?
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Gold Coast
(Land added to) : Ashantiland + Nigeria
What did the British do in Ashantiland?
Demanded that their King (Prempeh) should give the rest of his empire to the B as a protectorate
What did this cause?
A fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
B conquered the Ashanti territories + forced King from throne 1896
What lead to B formal annexation?
Ashanti uprising 1900
It was incorperated into the Gold Coast Colony in 1902
How did the B establish their claim to Nigeria?
1890 agreement with the French - they recognised B domination of the area for recognition of French’s claim to Madagascar
What company did the B govt take over from?
Royal Niger Company
North + South Nigeria unified in 1914
What countries were included in B East Africa?
Rhodesia
Zanzibar
Uganda
Kenya
Sudan
Somaliland
Who did B sign a treaty with to establish spheres of influence in East Africa?
Germany
What did B do in Zanzibar?
Installed ‘puppet’ Sultan Hamad
He had a mysterious death + his cousin Khalid went after him without B blessing
What happened when B asked Khalid to stand down?
He refused
B mounted a naval bombardment of the Sultan’s palace
What is it recorded as?
The shortest war in history - 38 mins
Who replaced him?
Pro-B Sultan Hamud
Who caused civil war in Uganda to stop missionaries?
Mwanga - he fled
What did he promise?
To hand over some sovereignty to the Imperial British East Africa Company for B support
His power was restored 1889
Who did he sign a treaty with in 1890?
Lord Lugard on behalf of Imperial British East Africa Company for powers over revenue + trade + administration of justice
Who was this passed onto in 1894?
The Crown
Buganda became a Protectorate part of Uganda
What did B construct in Uganda?
Ugandan Railway
To connect coast with fertile land
What was the railway known as?
‘Lunatic Line’
Took 5 years to build + 5 million + 2500 lives
What reasons were justified for making it?
Access to new markets
Colonial settlement
Exports for tea + coffee
Protected Nile against enemies
promoted tourism + safari tours
When did Britain have an initial interest in Kenya?
The Berlin Conference 1884-5
Why was it useful territory?
Offered a route from the coast to Uganda
What did the B use to help gain control?
Dispute between the native Mazrui + Muslim majority
Who used weapons from the Germans to go against the B?
Mbaruk bin Rashid
How long did it take to overthrow him?
9 months
What did the territory become when Mbaruk fled?
Part of B East Africa Protectorate of 1895
What left Sudan in a weakened state?
The Mahdist Revolt 1881-5
What did Khalifa Abdullah try to do the same year?
Bring people in Sudan together
Why didn’t this work?
War from internal resistance fighters
Disease
Famine
What did Gladstone want?
To withdraw B troops as soon as it was safe to do so
What did the PM in 1885 Sailsbury think?
Egypt was vital to security of B route to India so it was vital to gain at least parts of the Sudan
What was he also worried about?
Other European Nations
Why were they concerned about the French and the Germans?
They were expanding into East Africa - scared they might gain control of Nile - vital for Egypt
What did Sailsbury do to keep others out?
Signed a treaty with the Germans 1890
Germans got Tanganyika
B got Kenya + Uganda
What were the French persuaded to do?
Concentrate on West Africa
Why was Italian expansion on Red Sea Coast beneficial for B?
It diverted the Khalifa’s attention from Egyptian borders
Why was the diversion lost?
The Italians were defeated at Adowa 1896
They were trying to seize Abyssinia
What did it give the Sailsbury an excuse to do?
A B campaign in the Sudan
What was it told to the public as?
A campaign to aid Italy
To uphold European civilisation
To revenge the death of General Gordon
Who was given orders to conquer Sudanese territory?
General Kitchener
Where did he have a success?
Battle of Omdurman 1898
What was the ‘Fashoda incident’?
Where a French exhibition came on the Headquarters of the Nile
B wanted north to south territory
F wanted East to West territory
Major Marchand and Kitchener met
But French stepped down
What was it seen as to the British public?
That France + B were on the brink of war
Why did the French back down?
Had internal problems
They were aware of B army in the Sudan
What did the agreement of 1899 conclude?
F promised to stay out of Nile for territory further West
Who else had an agreement in 1899?
Egypt + B
What did it establish?
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
What was the arrangement known as?
A condominium
Run by B but supported by Egyptians
Who was made the first Governor-General?
Kitchener
What did he set up?
‘Gordon College’
To help young Sudanese run their own country
Why did B reinforce its Somaliland protectorate?
To limit French and Italian ambitions in that area
Why was the location important?
Crucial access to Indian Ocean + colonies in East
What countries was B involved in in South Africa?
Rhodesia
Nyasaland
Cape Colony
When was ‘South Zambesia’ known as ‘Southern Rhodesia’?
1895
After Rhodes forced B settlers in the area
Why did nearly half of those settlers die?
Wars with native Ndebele
How was the territory taken north of the Zambezi River?
Separate treaties with African Chiefs
Who opened up Nyasaland to the B?
Livingstone + Scottish missionaries
Who fought against the B until 1897 in Nysaland?
Portuguese backed Arabians who used guerrilla warfare
What’s guerrilla warfare?
Pursued by civilian forces rather than conventional armies
When did Nyasaland become a protectorate?
1907
Who wanted a confederation of South Africa?
Cecil Rhodes + Joseph Chamberlain
Why was this important to do for them?
To counter German territorial gains
To stop Boer confidence from the Transvaal’s gold wealth
Who asked help from Rhodes when they were denied citizenship + voting rights?
The Uitlanders
(British who came over in the gold rush)
What did a raid from Rhodesia to the cape colony cause?
Discredit on B govt
Made Boers determination bigger to resist B
Boers formed anti-B ‘Africaner Bond’
Kruger seen as hero (PM)
What was the Jamerson Raid?
Uitlanders pulled back from planned rising against Boer govt
Rhodes still told Dr Jamerson to invade Transvaal
Only had 500 police so easily defeated
Surrendered after 4 days
Jameson + 12 sentenced to imprisonment in B
Rhodes had to resign Cape premiership but not on trial
Who gave covert support but wanted to avoid war?
Chamberlain
When did Negotiations with the Boers break down?
1899
What was the ‘Second’ Boer war?
Boers invaded B territory - Natal
British fought back - defeated 1902
How much did the B put into the war?
400,000 imperial troops
£210 million (at that time)
Lead by Kitchener + Roberts
What ended the war?
Peace of Vereenigning 1902
Boers aknowledged themselves as B subjects
Boer Republics became B colonies with promise of self-govt
When was this granted?
1905
When did the PMs draw up a constitution for the ‘Union of South Africa’?
1908
included : Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, Natal
What did it become in 1910?
B Dominion Territory
