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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 14 - Colonial Administration And Policy > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Colonial Administration And Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What was the main reason for policies between 1919 + 1947?

A

To keep empire together
Resist rise in nationalism

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2
Q

What did Edwin Montagu + Viceroy Chelmsford design to create a system of limited self-govt?

A

Dyarchy
Where power is divided into 2 centres of authority

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3
Q

What was under the Government of India Act 1919?

A

Viceroy still in control of defence + foreign affairs but had to defends its actions in front of Legislative council
LC - split into lower house + upper house
Provincial councils run by elected Indian ministers responsible for local govt, health + education + agriculture

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4
Q

What was the Simon Commission 1929-1930?

A

Federal system of govt to be created across India
Provinces given more power
Defence + internal security + foreign affairs still to Viceroy

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5
Q

What was the Round Table Conference 1930 + 1931?

A

Came as there was strong opposition in India
Ghandi unavailable to attend 1st but represented Congress Party at 2nd
But B rejected India being self-gov Dominion

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6
Q

What was the Government of India Act 1935?

A

Created a Federation of India by:
Making Provinces self -gov
Expanding vote from 7 mil - 35 mil

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7
Q

Who opposed the Act?

A

Congress Party because didn’t give same freedom as a Dominion or full ind
Princely states as wanted to maintain ind from rest of India

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7
Q

Did it work?

A

No as India was an independent state in 1947

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7
Q

What did the B do to deal with this?

A

Imposed direct rule
Repressed ind protests
Arrested leaders

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8
Q

In 1939 why did members of Congress resign?

A

Opposed Indian participation in war

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9
Q

What 2 categories did B African Colonies go into?

A

Indirect rule - through local leaders
Direct rule - where many B settlers were

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10
Q

What countries were indirectly ruled?

A

Most in W Africa, Tanganyika, Uganda, Nyasaland + N Rhodesia
The League of Nation Mandates

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11
Q

What was the British policy emphasising in these areas?

A

Economic + social development

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12
Q

What did the B do in Sudan?

A

1920 B govt allotted £3 mil for Gezira Cotton Scheme
Needed major dam building + irrigation project

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13
Q

What did the B do in East Africa?

A

1925 allotted £10 mil for improving rail + dock facilities

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14
Q

What did the B do in West Africa?

A

Invested in schools and educational facilities

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15
Q

What else was set up for the colonies in the continent?

A

Agricultural research stations

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16
Q

What were all the African colonies expected to be?

A

Self financing
All major projects were mainly funded by taxes of themselves

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17
Q

What helped give £1 mil of B Treasury funds for dev projects?

A

The Colonial Development Act 1929

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18
Q

What limited imperial development policy?

A

Great Depression
Strikes by African workers - copper mines in Rhodesia

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19
Q

What countries were under direct rule?

A

S Rhodesia
Kenya
S Africa

20
Q

What happened when the White pop in Kenya was given a degree of self-gov in 1920?

A

Moved Kikuyu + Indians out of land
Farmers became wealthy from tea + coffee + taxed Kikuyu

21
Q

Where did the Kikuyu migrate to?

A

Major cities
Nairobi + Mombasa

22
Q

What did the African nationalism with the Kikuyu make the Colonial Office issue?

A

The ‘Devonshire Declaration’
Stressed interests of the Africans had to be respected

23
Q

When did the white settlers get ind in S Rhodesia?

A

1923

24
Q

What enabled White settler dominance in South Africa?

A

Statute of Westminster

25
Q

What were B aims in Palestine?

A

Protect Suez
Stabilise internal conflicts

26
Q

What made decisions hard?

A

B govt in London = pro-Jewish
B authorities in Palestine = sympathy to Arabs

27
Q

What was the other division between Jewish + Arabs?

A

Land holding
Most Arabs poor farmers renting
Wealthier Jewish bought up land with Jewish National Fund + Arabs evicted

28
Q

When were enquiries to curb land acquisition?

A

1929 + 1931
Govt backed down from pro-Jewish in USA + B govt

29
Q

What did the B do in 1936?

A

Sent 20,000 troops to Palestine to deal with Arab rioting + attacks on Jews

30
Q

What Report was put out in 1937?

A

The Peel Report
Recommended Palestine be separated into areas + B controlled some areas
Opposed by Arabs

31
Q

What did the B do 1937 - 39?

A

Policy of repression
100 Arab terrorists hung

32
Q

What did the B do in 1939?

A

Scared of Italian attack on Egypt
Said for a Palestinian state where Jews already living in the country would have a ‘national homeland’

33
Q

What was Jewish immigration restricted to in 1939?

A

15,000 per year

34
Q

What shaped colonial policy in Mesopotamia?

A

Costs of administration
Managing internal conflicts

35
Q

Why did the B have to intervene militarily in 1920?

A

There were widespread demonstrations against B
In Baghdad turned into full scale revolt

36
Q

What happened at the Cairo Conference of 1921?

A

Allowed some local self -gov
B retained full control of military + foreign affairs

37
Q

What did the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1922 confirm?

A

Faisal I as King

38
Q

What did B still keep control of?

A

Affairs
Major military bases
Army

39
Q

What did the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 do?

A

Promised full consultation between 2 sides on foreign policy

40
Q

What was the main interest in Iraq?

A

Oil
Before WW1 negotiated with Ottoman for B controlled Turkish Petroleum Company to extract oil
They didn’t uphold that Turkey would get 20% + set new terms

41
Q

What did the role the Dominions played make them want?

A

Full control

42
Q

What did the B create from concerns of losses?

A

Commonwealth
Could gradually become fully independent nations but have ‘special relationship’ with B

43
Q

What did the Statute of Westminster recognise?

A

Dominions should be independent
Laws in B couldn’t be enforced in countries without permission of their own parliaments
They were free to pass their own laws without interference from B

44
Q

What was the statute + commonwealth seen as in the media?

A

Evidence of the civilised nature of the British Empire

45
Q

What were the problems relating to imperial defence?

A

B had economic difficulties - defence = burden
New aggressive regimes came up as a threat to empire + B = Japan + Germany
Rise in nationalist movements

46
Q

What did B mistakenly think would help them with defence?

A

League of Nations

47
Q

How did B use appeasement as a policy to deploy resources to other areas?

A

Surrendered some territory demands made by Nazi Germany + Italy mistakenly thinking they were rational

48
Q

What other actions did the B do?

A

Modernised Indian army
Built up Singapore as a naval base
Spend £25 mil on these

49
Q

What event meant most of these policies unravelled?

A

Chamberlains estimation of Nazis
WW2

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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