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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 19 - Decolonisation in Africa and Asia > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Decolonisation in Africa and Asia Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first reason for decolonisation?

A

Economic impact of WW2
Couldn’t then afford to fight against nationalist movements

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2
Q

What was the second reason?

A

The changed international situation
USA + USSR hostile to imperialism
Dependent on USA for economic support

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3
Q

What was the third reason?

A

Emergence of powerful nationalist movements

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4
Q

What was the forth reason?

A

Changing priorities in Europe
Full employment + rising living standards
Less dependent on colonies
EEC refocused trade in Europe

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5
Q

What were decisions to abandon empire influenced by?

A

Specific developments rather than immediate post-war shift in thinking

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6
Q

What was the main aim in policy in Africa post-war?

A

For development so they could contribute to B economy

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7
Q

What did the B make?

A

Colonial Development Corporation

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8
Q

What did the war increase in Africa?

A

Nationalist movements
Industry had to be established to support war + spread around more cities + towns that were created

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9
Q

What did Andrew Cohen say in 1947?

A

Head of African Department in Colonial Office
Gold Coast had strength + maturity to rule themselves but wouldn’t happen for at least a generation

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10
Q

What did B administrators anticipate in the war?

A

The growing educated elite would want more representation
Wanted to do this gradually

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11
Q

What did the Burns Constitution 1946 for the Gold Coast say?

A

Made Legislative Council of 12 B nominees + 18 elected African members
Power still with B Govenor

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12
Q

What party pressured B administration?

A

The Convention People’s Party (CPP)
Founded by Kwame Nkrumah

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13
Q

What did they force the B to do?

A

Legislative Assembly + people who could vote increased
Nkrumah was jailed 1950
1951 66% of seats to CPP

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14
Q

Who was then made the PM in 1952?

A

Nkrumah

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15
Q

What followed this?

A

1956 plebiscite joined Togoland to GC
1957 full adult suffrage + renamed to Ghana
Nkrumah became more authoritarian

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16
Q

What was drawn up in 1946 in Nigeria?

A

The ‘Richards Constitution’
3 Assemblies for each major region was created as the country was ethnically and regionally divided

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17
Q

What made the B take away this constitution?

A

Nationalist movements

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18
Q

What did the Macpherson Constitution 1951 do?

A

Extended the right to vote
Created National Council of Ministers

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19
Q

What did this do?

A

Stimulated growth of Nigerian political parties

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20
Q

How did they get to full independence in 1960?

A

Govt was formed drawn up by 3 B officials + 9 ministers from all the regional parties to have balance

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21
Q

Where else did B make reforms and independence faster?

A

Sierra Leone 1961
Gambia 1965

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22
Q

What factors made independence in East Africa more violent?

A

Urbanisation
Greater political awareness
Political activism
Nationalism
Labour disputes

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23
Q

What other factors increased protests?

A

Population increases
High inflation
Poor housing
Overcrowding

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24
Q

What schemed failed to make peasants support nationalism?

A

Tanganyika Ground Nut Scheme
There was need for cooking oil after war
Money was put into harvesting
Land was difficult to cultivate
Cost £49 million

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25
Q

What event weakened B morality?

A

Harming Kikuyu people in Mau Mau uprising

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26
Q

When was Tanganyika granted independence as Tanzania?

A

1961

27
Q

When did Uganda get independence?

A

1962

28
Q

When did Kenya get independence?

A

1963

29
Q

What Statute meant South Africa had dominion status + white minority ruled?

A

Statute of Westminster

30
Q

What party won power in 1948 and implemented apartheid?

A

Afrikaner Nationalist Party

31
Q

What was international opinion of SA?

A

Critical

32
Q

What did the B refuse to do for SA?

A

Hand over Bechuanaland + Basutoland + Swaziland

33
Q

What did the white people of SA vote in 1961?

A

To become a republic + leave the commonwealth

34
Q

What places did B try to influence to counter-balance SA influence?

A

Northern Rhodesia - copper
Southern Rhodesia - agricultural
Nyasaland - undeveloped

35
Q

What was created for the 3 countries in 1953?

A

A Central African Federation

36
Q

What did its constitution include?

A

Protection of African rights

37
Q

What emerged from the limited African representation in the Federal Assembly?

A

Nationalist leaders
They were arrested

38
Q

What did B do in 1961?

A

Released the leaders
Drew up new constitutions

39
Q

When was the CAF dissolved?

A

1963

40
Q

Who lead Northern Rhodesia to independence?

A

Kenneth Kaunda

41
Q

Who led Nyasaland to independence?

A

Dr Hastings Banda

42
Q

What happened in Southern Rhodesia?

A

When CAF looked bad white settlers supported new Rhodesian Front Party
Won elections + PM Smith illegally called it independent
B sanctions unsuccessful
Long guerrilla war with nationalists + white people

43
Q

Why did B grant independence to Burma?

A

Violent activities of nationalists
Aung San + AFPFL

44
Q

What were the outcomes of the talks with Aung San + Attlee’s govt?

A

Agreed on elections for a Constituent Assembly 1947
AFPFL couldn’t agree
Aung San + 6 others assassinated by political rivals
Civil war

45
Q

What was Burma’s relationship with B then like?

A

Burma rejected joining Commonwealth

46
Q

why were Singapore + Malaya still important to B?

A

Malaya = producer of rubber
Singapore = naval + military base

47
Q

Why did B have problems re-establishing themselves in the Malay Peninsula?

A

Ethnic tensions with Chinese + Indians + Malay peoples

48
Q

What organisations represented them?

A

Malays = United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
Chinese = Malay Chinese Association (MCA) or Malay Communist Party (MCP)

49
Q

What were the Chinese part of between 1945 + 1948?

A

Labour unions + strikes

50
Q

Why was there a high percentage of Chinese in Malaya?

A

1957 = 44%
B needed labour for tin mines + rubber plantations

51
Q

What was created given ethnic tensions?

A

Federation of Malaya

52
Q

What problems did it have?

A

Post-war economic circumstances
Chinese grievances

53
Q

Why was a State of Emergency called in 1948?

A

Rebel attacks on rubber plantations
B used military force + B commissioner Sir Henry Gurney was killed

54
Q

When had order been restored?

A

1952
With promise of eventual independence

55
Q

What was made in 1957 to draw up a new democratic constitution?

A

The Reid Commission

56
Q

What did the B exchange?

A

Colonial rule for informal influence

57
Q

What happened in 1963?

A

Malaya united with Singapore
but then 2 years later Singapore was expelled from the federation

58
Q

Who only had the vote in Singapore?

A

B people
10% of pop

59
Q

What were the political parties in Singapore?

A

SSP - Singapore Progressive party - cons
Labour Front
PAP - People’s Action Party - lab
UMNO/MCA - United Malays National Organisation /Malays Chinese Association

60
Q

Who persuaded B in 1957 for Singapore’s full self-govt?

A

Lim Yew Hock
He took strong action against communists

61
Q

What act meant it would still be part of empire?

A

State of Singapore Act 1958

62
Q

What did the B put Singapore a part of that didn’t work?

A

Federation of Malaya

63
Q

When did it become fully independent in its own right?

A

1965

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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