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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 22 - Attitudes To Empire - Role And Influence Of Individuals > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Attitudes To Empire - Role And Influence Of Individuals Flashcards

1
Q

What influenced dissatisfaction in imperial rule?

A

Growth in skills, knowledge + understanding

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2
Q

Who was the nationalist leader in Malaya?

A

Onn Jaafar

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3
Q

What was his political affiliation?

A

UMNO
United Malays National Organisation
He was moderate

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4
Q

Where was he educated?

A

English private school

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5
Q

What were his actions?

A

Founded UMNO
Campaigned against Malay union which was established by the B govt
Organised rallies

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6
Q

What did he represent?

A

Purely Malay interests
Not Indian or Chinese

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7
Q

Why did Onn strangely resign from UMNO?

A

They rejected his idea that it should be open to all races

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8
Q

Who then became its leader + the PM of Malaya?

A

Tunku Abdul Rahman

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9
Q

Who was the Nationalist leader in Ghana?

A

Kwame Nkrumah

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10
Q

Where did he study and who was he inspired by?

A

USA
Karl Marx + Black leaders

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11
Q

What did he help organise in 1945 in Manchester?

A

5th Pan African Congress

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12
Q

What did he become in the Gold Coast?

A

General secretary

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13
Q

What happened when brief riots happened?

A

B arrested him

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14
Q

What did the radical supporters of Nkrumah create?

A

Convention’s People Party

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15
Q

What did Nkrumah initiate a campaign of?

A

‘Positive action’
Non-violent protests, strikes + noncooperation with B

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16
Q

When did he become the president of the Gold Coast (later Ghana)?

A

1957
Until 1966

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17
Q

What did his leadership style turn into?

A

Authoritarian

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18
Q

What did he become the figurehead for?

A

African nationalism

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19
Q

What of his influenced other countries like B?

A

His political philosophy

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20
Q

Who was the nationalist leader in Nigeria?

A

Nnamdi Azikiwe

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21
Q

Where did he get education?

A

USA

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22
Q

Who was he a mentor for?

A

Nkrumah

23
Q

What was he a founder of?

A

NCNC
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

24
Q

What did he do that was significant?

A

Secured independence by bargaining and not letting the country break up in anarchy

25
Q

Why was this significant?

A

He was able to persuade B that it was possible for the various regional ethnic groups to work successfully within a federal system + B wasn’t necessary

26
Q

Who was the main nationalist leader in Kenya?

A

Jomo Kenyatta

27
Q

How did he get his education?

A

First contact with missionaries was at a hospital
Learnt English + other subjects at school and paid by working for a European settler

28
Q

What political group did he join?

A

East African Association (EAA) - wanted to retrieve land back from B
Then changed to Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)

29
Q

How did he gain support?

A

Wrote a monthly Kikuyu language newspaper called ‘He who brings together’

30
Q

What did he write in a letter to London as the challenges the KCA were fighting?

A
  1. Returning land
  2. Increase faculties for education
  3. Taxes on huts for women (some had to go into prostitution to afford it)
  4. Representation on legislative council
  5. Noninterference in traditional customs
31
Q

When did Kenyatta become president?

A

At independence in 1963

32
Q

What did Kenyatta encourage the political structure of Kenya to be?

A

Capitalist
Encouraged foreign investment
Economy grew
Economic divides increased - he became wealthy

33
Q

Although he allowed other ethnicities to be in govt who did he still prioritise?

A

The Kikuyu

34
Q

How did he mainly stay in power?

A

Killed opposition

35
Q

Who was the main nationalist leader in Malawi?

A

Hastings Banda

36
Q

What was he the president of?

A

Nyasaland African Congress

37
Q

What was he made responsible for?

A

Increasing African resentment + disturbances
Making anti-federation speeches with touring

38
Q

When did he become the PM under new name of Malawi?

A

1963

39
Q

What was his method of leadership?

A

Autocratic
Made himself leader for life 1971
Jailed or killed opponents

40
Q

What did he want to improve?

A

Infrastructure + Agricultural productivity

41
Q

Who were the main colonial administrators?

A

Sir Andrew Cohen
Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke
Sir John Macpherson
Sir Gerald Templer

42
Q

What was Sir Andrew Cohens role in the British Empire?

A

Governor of Uganda

43
Q

What actions did he do?

A

Was the UK representative to the United Nations Trusteeship Council
In 1959 was a member of the Special Mission to Samoa to negotiate its independence from New Zealand

44
Q

What influenced these actions?

A

Treatment of Africans in the colonies + apartheid

45
Q

Was he successful?

A

Helped provide blue print for independence in the colonies

46
Q

What role did Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke have in the BE?

A

First General Governor of Ghana

47
Q

What actions did he do?

A

Released + brought Nkrumah to power
Helped diffuse volatile situation with riots + strikes
Helped manage relations with Nkrumah + Ashanti politicians

48
Q

Was he successful?

A

His acceptance of the Africans and his attitude towards Kwame Nkrumah likely contributed to Ghana’s relatively smooth transition to independence

49
Q

What was Sir John Macpherson’s role in the BE?

A

Governor of Nigeria

50
Q

What actions did he take?

A

Made Macpherson Constitution that provided for “semi-responsible government”
Accelerated the Africanization of the Nigerian public service

51
Q

How successful was he?

A

Macpherson Constitution failed
Still helped an independent Nigeria
It didn’t collapse into separatism, anarchy or civil war

52
Q

What was Sir Gerald Templer’s role in the BE?

A

High commissioner and commander‐in‐chief in Malaya

53
Q

What did he do?

A

Implemented strategies that contributed to the defeat of Malayan National Liberation Army in Malayan emergency
Approved controversial policies - relocated ethnic minorities + forced conscription + scorched earth

54
Q

Was he successful?

A

No as Malaya became independent in 1957

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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