Chapter 22 - Attitudes To Empire - Role And Influence Of Individuals Flashcards
What influenced dissatisfaction in imperial rule?
Growth in skills, knowledge + understanding
Who was the nationalist leader in Malaya?
Onn Jaafar
What was his political affiliation?
UMNO
United Malays National Organisation
He was moderate
Where was he educated?
English private school
What were his actions?
Founded UMNO
Campaigned against Malay union which was established by the B govt
Organised rallies
What did he represent?
Purely Malay interests
Not Indian or Chinese
Why did Onn strangely resign from UMNO?
They rejected his idea that it should be open to all races
Who then became its leader + the PM of Malaya?
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Who was the Nationalist leader in Ghana?
Kwame Nkrumah
Where did he study and who was he inspired by?
USA
Karl Marx + Black leaders
What did he help organise in 1945 in Manchester?
5th Pan African Congress
What did he become in the Gold Coast?
General secretary
What happened when brief riots happened?
B arrested him
What did the radical supporters of Nkrumah create?
Convention’s People Party
What did Nkrumah initiate a campaign of?
‘Positive action’
Non-violent protests, strikes + noncooperation with B
When did he become the president of the Gold Coast (later Ghana)?
1957
Until 1966
What did his leadership style turn into?
Authoritarian
What did he become the figurehead for?
African nationalism
What of his influenced other countries like B?
His political philosophy
Who was the nationalist leader in Nigeria?
Nnamdi Azikiwe
Where did he get education?
USA
Who was he a mentor for?
Nkrumah
What was he a founder of?
NCNC
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
What did he do that was significant?
Secured independence by bargaining and not letting the country break up in anarchy
Why was this significant?
He was able to persuade B that it was possible for the various regional ethnic groups to work successfully within a federal system + B wasn’t necessary
Who was the main nationalist leader in Kenya?
Jomo Kenyatta
How did he get his education?
First contact with missionaries was at a hospital
Learnt English + other subjects at school and paid by working for a European settler
What political group did he join?
East African Association (EAA) - wanted to retrieve land back from B
Then changed to Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)
How did he gain support?
Wrote a monthly Kikuyu language newspaper called ‘He who brings together’
What did he write in a letter to London as the challenges the KCA were fighting?
- Returning land
- Increase faculties for education
- Taxes on huts for women (some had to go into prostitution to afford it)
- Representation on legislative council
- Noninterference in traditional customs
When did Kenyatta become president?
At independence in 1963
What did Kenyatta encourage the political structure of Kenya to be?
Capitalist
Encouraged foreign investment
Economy grew
Economic divides increased - he became wealthy
Although he allowed other ethnicities to be in govt who did he still prioritise?
The Kikuyu
How did he mainly stay in power?
Killed opposition
Who was the main nationalist leader in Malawi?
Hastings Banda
What was he the president of?
Nyasaland African Congress
What was he made responsible for?
Increasing African resentment + disturbances
Making anti-federation speeches with touring
When did he become the PM under new name of Malawi?
1963
What was his method of leadership?
Autocratic
Made himself leader for life 1971
Jailed or killed opponents
What did he want to improve?
Infrastructure + Agricultural productivity
Who were the main colonial administrators?
Sir Andrew Cohen
Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke
Sir John Macpherson
Sir Gerald Templer
What was Sir Andrew Cohens role in the British Empire?
Governor of Uganda
What actions did he do?
Was the UK representative to the United Nations Trusteeship Council
In 1959 was a member of the Special Mission to Samoa to negotiate its independence from New Zealand
What influenced these actions?
Treatment of Africans in the colonies + apartheid
Was he successful?
Helped provide blue print for independence in the colonies
What role did Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke have in the BE?
First General Governor of Ghana
What actions did he do?
Released + brought Nkrumah to power
Helped diffuse volatile situation with riots + strikes
Helped manage relations with Nkrumah + Ashanti politicians
Was he successful?
His acceptance of the Africans and his attitude towards Kwame Nkrumah likely contributed to Ghana’s relatively smooth transition to independence
What was Sir John Macpherson’s role in the BE?
Governor of Nigeria
What actions did he take?
Made Macpherson Constitution that provided for “semi-responsible government”
Accelerated the Africanization of the Nigerian public service
How successful was he?
Macpherson Constitution failed
Still helped an independent Nigeria
It didn’t collapse into separatism, anarchy or civil war
What was Sir Gerald Templer’s role in the BE?
High commissioner and commander‐in‐chief in Malaya
What did he do?
Implemented strategies that contributed to the defeat of Malayan National Liberation Army in Malayan emergency
Approved controversial policies - relocated ethnic minorities + forced conscription + scorched earth
Was he successful?
No as Malaya became independent in 1957
