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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 6 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples Flashcards

1
Q

Who did the Indian mutiny involve?

A

Sepoys in the Bengal Army

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2
Q

Why were they different to ordinary labourers?

A

They were mainly peasant soldiers and proud of their military status

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3
Q

What were the factors that caused the Mutiny?

A

Grievances about pay
Changes to their condition of service
Cartridges in the new Enfield riffles
Landlords + Nobles deprived of their lands by Governor-General Dalhousie

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4
Q

Why were the cartridges a problem?

A

They were greased in animal fat
Offended both Hindus and Muslims

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5
Q

When did the Sepoys start refusing to obey orders?

A

Feb 1857

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6
Q

What did they do at Meerut?

A

Turned on their British officers and set up a mob on local Europeans

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7
Q

What did they attempt to do when they seized control of most northern cities?

A

Resurrect the old Mughal Emperor as a figurehead

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8
Q

What were some of the rebels?

A

Discontented land owners who lost out on British rule
Peasants who resented taxation

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9
Q

Who were executed to stop the restoration of the Mughal dynasty?

A

The Emperor’s sons

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10
Q

What were the effects in Delhi and Lucknow?

A

Villages burnt
Mutineers tortured
British officers, wives + children murdered

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11
Q

When was British rule reasserted?

A

Jun 1858

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12
Q

What happened just before that?

A

Battle at Gwalior

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13
Q

What did Britain use India as a means of after the mutiny?

A

Providing compensation

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14
Q

What were examples of this?

A

Extension of rail network
Growth of tea trade

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15
Q

What changed in the ruling of India after the mutiny?

A

It was passed onto the British govt
Internal wars ended
Had a single centralised govt

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16
Q

How was the mutiny reported?

A

Emphasised ‘savagery’ of Indians but not brutality of the British

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17
Q

What difference did the mutiny make in their attitudes?

A

Before people were curious and admired the Indian culture but after there was more ignorance

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18
Q

Who did the legal systems favour?

A

The white man
Wealthier Indians

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19
Q

What did the ‘equality of opportunity’ provide?

A

More educational opportunities for some wealthier Indians
But even people with education found it hard to obtain promotions above the lower ranks of colonial bureaucracy

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20
Q

Why were railways more beneficial for the British?

A

They helped the needs of trade and control
Most villages lacked even mud roads

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21
Q

What were the problems with Britains new markets for produce?

A

It encouraged specialisation
Lower costing grain production decreased
This was most people’s food staple
Became dependent on imports
Consumption per head decreased

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22
Q

How much land did the irrigation projects cover?

A

6%

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23
Q

Where did the land improvements happen?

A

Where they supported British commercial interests

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24
Q

Why in the long term did Britains cheap manufacturers not benefit India?

A

They were unable to develop viable industries of their own like before

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25
Q

Who did Britain provide schools and universities to?

A

The privileged
Illiteracy was widespread

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26
Q

What did Britain provide jobs in for the Indians?

A

Railways, army, police, civil service
Only a minority could have this employment

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27
Q

What did the famine cause?

A

High death rates

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28
Q

Who made a tour of India between 1859 and 1861?

A

Viceroy Canning

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29
Q

What was the aim of the tour?

A

To win back support if people were dispossessed or felt alienated by B rule

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30
Q

What did he change?

A
  • Lands + titles returned to some native Indians
  • Star of India medals introduced
  • Positions in Imperial Assembly or Statutory Civil Service Shared with Ind Nobility
31
Q

Where were universities opened?

A

Bombay, Madras, Calcutta

32
Q

What were some other schools set up to do?

A

Make ‘Westernised Oriental Gentlemen’ (wogs)

33
Q

How many Indians entered universities 30 years later?

A

60,000

34
Q

What were the most popular subjects to study?

A

Arts + law

35
Q

Where did a lot of these graduates of law work after?

A

In the govt service

36
Q

Who helped establish girls schools and teaching colleges?

A

Mary Carpenter

37
Q

What were the major economic changes after 1858?

A

Railways
Factories
Raw cotton production increase

38
Q

How did the British feel they justified their actions?

A

Believed in their ‘benign rule’
T.B Macaulay thought educating them would make them ‘English in taste, in opinions, in morals’

39
Q

Who are the Boers?

A

Descendants of the original Dutch settlers in the Cape area

40
Q

Who are the Bantu tribes?

A

A general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages

41
Q

What was the relationship between the British and the Boers?

A

Peaceful until <1850 the British came into conflict with Boers + Bantu

42
Q

What discovery started the friction?

A

Diamonds

43
Q

Who did the ‘diamond rush’ attract?

A

White settlers + Bantu speaking people

44
Q

In 1868 where did the British annex?

A

Basutoland

45
Q

Why did they annex it?

A

They claimed that the Indigenous African wanted British protection from the Boers

46
Q

Where did the British also take in 1871?

A

West Griqualand

47
Q

Where did the 2000 Griqua go to establish?

A

East Griqualand
Britain annexed it the following year

48
Q

What did Britain propose to the Boers in 1875?

A

A federation of the British and Boer territories, they rejected it

49
Q

Why was the area suffering from great instability?

A

Both British and Boers wanted to assert power

50
Q

What had the area become?

A

Great value for traders

51
Q

What happened in the Xhosa War 1877-78?

A

British disarmed and annexed the neighbouring tribesmen’s communities to the Cape

52
Q

Who were the Boers less successful against?

A

The Pedi tribe
They successfully kept their independence in the eastern Transvaal

53
Q

What did the British decide from this in 1877?

A

Annex the Transvaal
Claimed they needed to protect the white European settlers against Pedi + Zulu tribe (most powerful)

54
Q

What did the Boers reluctantly accept?

A

British aid

55
Q

Where did the British invade in Jan 1879?

A

Zululand

56
Q

What happened in the invasion?

A

Defeated Zulus
Zululand incorporated into Natal
Attack on Pedi

57
Q

What did the Boers declare after the Zulus were defeated?

A

Total independence from Britain

58
Q

What did the Boers do to the British from 1880?

A

Attacked B army garrisons across Transvaal
Won a series of military victories - Majuba Hill 1881 (150 Britons killed)

59
Q

What were the British forced to sign?

A

The Convention of Pretoria

60
Q

What did the Convention of Pretoria establish?

A

That the B govt recognised Boer self-govt in the Transvaal, but B still claimed a right to control over external affairs

61
Q

Who’s presence came in 1884?

A

Germans

62
Q

What were the British fears from this?

A

That the Boers + Germans would make an alliance

63
Q

What did the British do to prevent this?

A

Annexed Bechuanaland
Area between German South-West Africa and the Transvaal

64
Q

What did Bechuanaland become?

A

North = Protectorate
South = Crown Colony

65
Q

What’s a Crown Colony?

A

A colony ruled directly by an appointee of the British crown and accountable to the colonial Office

66
Q

What produced further instability?

A

Gold discovery near Transvaal in 1886

67
Q

Who did the gold bring?

A

Non-Boer Europeans (Uitlanders)

68
Q

What famous trader established his British South Africa Company in Oct 1889?

A

Cecil Rhodes

69
Q

What was his ultimate aim?

A

To create a continuous land route from Cape town to Egypt

70
Q

Who was given little thought in the increasingly eroded land?

A

The local Bantu tribes

71
Q

Who did the discovery of gold and diamonds increase the wealth of the most?

A

The settlers

72
Q

What did the new laws mean?

A

Mining companies who limited the rights of black Africans could have claims over the mines and trade of products

73
Q

What did this mean for their jobs?

A

Black Africans were stuck to manual labour but white people got skilled jobs and reaped the profits

74
Q

What were black workers forbidden by law to do?

A

Living wherever they wanted
Forced to stay in segregated neighbourhoods or mining compounds

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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