Chapter 8 - Imperial And Colonial Policy Flashcards
Who continued to have overall responsibility of the empire?
The Colonial Office
Why was decision making difficult sometimes?
Treasury, War Office and other departments could conflict
What was a similarity about rule in India + Egypt?
Both denied self-rule
Who was the head in India?
The Viceroy backed by Indian Civil Service
(All white from Oxford or Cambridge)
What was their job?
Make sure regime was secure
Natives didn’t rebel
India was profitable
Why was there a limit on administrators?
They were expensive with large pensions
What did that mean rule relied more on?
The collaboration of natives
How did India modernise?
Extension of railways
Spread of education
(More could read English)
How did the B create a ‘Anglo-Indian’ elite?
Acknowledged some educated Indians and in provincial councils made them more representative
How did this work?
The people who were capable of starting nationalist risings saw B rule as best road to the future
Who was active in Indian reforms?
Viceroy Curzon
What was he aware of?
Critisms of B rule from ‘middle class’ Indians
Indian National Congress
(1885 est to campaign for home rule)
What did the Congress do?
Opened proceedings with B national anthem
Criticised B trading arrangements + restraints on Indian industry + heavy taxes
Where else did pressure come from?
Social + Humanitarian groups
‘The servants of Indian Society’ active with ‘Untouchable’ community that wanted to see reform with old laws + practices
What did Curzon create?
The Imperial Cadet Corps 1901
Gave native princes + elite figures military training + ‘special’ officer commissions
What else did he reform?
Universities
Police
Lowered taxes
Adopted Gold standard - ensured stable currency
Set up new Commerce + Industry + Agricultural department
Sponsored research
Irrigation
What did Curzon decide in 1905?
Bengal should be seperated
Who was in the East and West?
East - Muslim majority
West - Hindu majority
Why was it not popular?
Hindu elite had land in East that they leased to Muslim peasants
What did the Hindus see this as?
Pay-back for their criticisms of B rule
What was done in retaliation?
Strikes
Protests
Boycotts of B goods
Who led the campaigns?
Surendranath Banerjee
(Had been president 2 times of INC)
Who supported the partition?
The Muslim elite
What did they create?
The All Indian Muslim League
(Safeguarded the rights of Indian Muslims)
What was the division used to justify?
B control - ‘only way to reduce religious conflict’
What happened in 1911?
Bengal was reunited after political protests
What was the All Indian Muslim League’s goal in 1913?
To have a self governing India
Who came after Curzon?
Minto
What reforms did he create with John Morley?
The Morley-Minto Reforms
“The reforms included the admission of Indians to the Secretary of State’s council, to the viceroy’s executive council, and to the executive councils of Bombay and Madras, and the introduction of an elected element into legislative councils with provision for separate electorates for Muslims.”
What did the Indian Councils Act of 1909 allow?
27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to Viceroy’s Council - advise Viceroy + make laws
What did further democratic reforms in 1910 do?
135 Indians could secure seats in subcontinent - greater part in govt
What Viceroy came after Minto?
Hardinge
What event did he use to reunite Bengal in 1911?
King-Emperor George V visit to India
Where did Harding’s move the capital of India to?
From Calcutta to Delhi
To a Muslim majority to undermine Hindu activists
What was held to celebrate George V being the Emperor?
A Durbar 1911
What did Hardinge sign India up for without the populations permission?
1914 WW1
What was the response?
Mostly supported + accepted it
Raised hopes for ‘new deal’ once war was over
How much did George V Durbar cost?
£2 million in todays money