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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 12 - Relations With Indigenous People > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Relations With Indigenous People Flashcards

1
Q

Where were protests most prevalent?

A

India

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2
Q

Where did British opposition grow?

A

The educated Indian professional classes

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3
Q

What else grew to encourage protests?

A

Nationalist newspapers
Although in 1901 census only 5.4% literate

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4
Q

Who were imprisoned for their newspapers stirring up hostility?

A

Bal Tilak
Shivram Paranjape

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5
Q

What did the Young India organisation do?

A

Established branches in different parts of India + assassinated British officials

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6
Q

What did people do in retaliation to the partition of Bengal?

A

Petitions, protests, a public boycott of B (mostly Lancashire textiles) goods
Called Swadeshi + had public bonfires (holi) of goods

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7
Q

How long did the campaign last?

A

6 years
(Meant Bengal reunited 1911)

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8
Q

What were the problems to B rule in Africa?

A

Competition with European powers
Local people’s resistance

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9
Q

Who was the main leader in challenging the B in British Somaliland?

A

Sayyid Hassan
Saw it as his duty to resist B

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10
Q

What was he known as to the B?

A

‘Mad Mullah’
But didn’t originate with B - is a translation of the Somali expression wadaad waal (the Mullah that is a lunatic) used by Somalis - shows wasn’t liked internally

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11
Q

What did he do?

A

Built up a force of 20,000 Dervish forces
Wanted to halt Ethiopian + Italian + British gains to drive Christian’s to the sea
He antagonised local communities in B Somaliland

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12
Q

What did Britain do to counter him?

A

Conducted joint military action with Ethiopia’s Emperor Menelik
Without conclusive success

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13
Q

Where did the Dervishes have a small victory?

A

The Battle of Dul Madoba 1913
Weren’t fully suppressed until after WW1

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14
Q

Who challenged B control in Zanzibar?

A

Khalid bin Barghash
Assumed power 1896 after suspicious death of pro-B Sultan Hamoud
He commanded 3000 men
Fled when heavy bombardment of B ships nearby
Lasted 2 days

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15
Q

What did the British Governor Cardew of Sierra Leone do 1898?

A

Introduced new severe tax on dwellings = ‘hut tax’
Insisted local chiefs organise their followers to maintain roads

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16
Q

What did Cardew do when he was met with resistance?

A

Responded militarily
Deployed ‘scorched earth’ approach - set fire to entire villages farms and crops
Primary adversary Chief Bai Bureh surrendered
100s killed
Had 96 of the chiefs warriors hung

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17
Q

Where were the greatest challenges to Britains rule?

A

In Sudan

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18
Q

What was reported as the ‘downfall of the worst tyranny in the world’?

A

Kitchener’s conquest of Egyptian Sudan
In battle of Omdurman + fall of Khartoum 1898

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19
Q

Why did the Sudanese want the downfall of the Mahdist regime?

A

Destroyed the economy
Decline in 50% of the population - famine, disease, persecution + warfare

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20
Q

What did the B mean to them?

A

Just exchanging one oppressor for another

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21
Q

How long did it take the B to subdue the tribes in the south of Sudan?

A

30 years

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22
Q

What angered the Sudanese people?

A

The B making modern govt, new penal codes, land rules + system of taxation

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23
Q

How did the tribes respond to this?

A

Refused to renounce their customs
Didn’t pay tax
Inter-tribal feuds persisted

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24
Q

How many expeditions were mounted to force tribesmen to accept the new order?

A

33

25
Q

When were there Mahdist risings?

A

1900
1902
1903
1904
1908

26
Q

What did the B do to make an example of the rebels?

A

Public hangings
Without trial

27
Q

What did the B do for Sudan?

A

Helped economic development
Telegraph + railway lines extended
1911 joint private + govt Gezira Scheme to provide high quality cotton for B
Improvement in irrigation

28
Q

What was Cecil Rhodes aim in South Africa when he became PM of the Cape?

A

Bring the Boer republics into a South African federation
The British would be the dominant partner

29
Q

Where did his irritation come from?

A

Damage of the high tariffs imposed by the Boers
His personal hostility to Paul Kruger (leading Boer politician)

30
Q

Why had the Transvaal prestige grown?

A

Discovery of gold on the Rand in 1886
It extended its control over Swaziland with independent rail network to Portuguese controlled port

31
Q

Who were concerned about B dominance in SA being threatened?

A

Rhodes + Chamberlain

32
Q

What did they then support?

A

Jameson raid

33
Q

What was the Jameson raid?

A

Uitlanders pulled back from planned rising against Boer govt
Rhodes wanted Dr Jameson to invade Transvaal
Had only 500 mounted police + defeated + surrendered in 4 days
Jameson + 4 others sentenced to imprisonment
Rhodes forced to resign from Cape Premiership

34
Q

Who encouraged a vigorous policy despite strong nationalism in the Transvaal?

A

Alfred Milner

35
Q

Who was shot by a Transvaal policeman?

A

Tom Edgar
Prompted Uitlander outrage + pressure on B govt to act

36
Q

What did Milner demand at the Bloemfontein Conference 1899?

A

Voting rights to Uitlanders
Kruger refused

37
Q

What happened after Kruger refused?

A

Couldn’t compromise
Mobilised troops
Oct 1899 Kruger issued ultimatum demanding B withdraw from borders of Boer republics
War broke out when B didn’t leave

38
Q

When was B military victory?

A

1902

39
Q

What did Commander-in-Chief General Kitchener deploy?

A

A ‘scorched earth’ policy - incinerated Boer farms + livestock

40
Q

What happened to Boer families and Black Africans?

A

Put in concentration camps with bad conditions
Suffered due to malnutrition + disease

41
Q

By the end of the war how many people were living in the concentration camps?

A

115,000
Many more had died in them

42
Q

What were the effects of the epidemics?

A

Spread fast - due to sanitary ignorance
16,000 B soldiers died from it
(3 times as many died in action)

43
Q

Who disliked these methods?

A

Humanitarians, left-wing liberals + socialists
Didn’t think it was a ‘means to an end’

44
Q

What did they describe the camps as?

A

‘Methods of barbarianism’

45
Q

What were the lasting effects of the war?

A

The moral shortcomings display by the B for the empire
Not that they had to accept B sovereignty

46
Q

Why did the war shake B confidence?

A

Thought it would last 3-4 months + 75,000 troops +£10 million
Actually lasted 3 years + 400,000 troops +£230 million

47
Q

How many people were killed?

A

22,000 B military
6000 Boer troops

48
Q

What did B have to rely on to win?

A

Troops from other parts of the empire
E.g. India

49
Q

What couldn’t B rely on in SA?

A

Sea power

50
Q

What did the wars shortcomings encourage?

A

National efficiency
Only Conservatives spoke out politically for imperialism
Still had support

51
Q

What did the defeat in the war promote the Boers to develop?

A

Use of colloquial version of Dutch spoken by the Boers rather than English
New political organisations - Het Volk (‘The People’)

52
Q

What treaty granted compensation to restore + restock farms?

A

Treaty of Vereeniging

53
Q

How much were they given?

A

£3 million

54
Q

What did Milner also work on doing?

A

Integrating the economies of the B + Boer colonies to a single customs union
Uniting their railway systems

55
Q

When was the Transvaal granted self-governing status?

A

1906

56
Q

When was the Orange River Colony granted self-governing status?

A

1907

57
Q

Who was part of the Union of South Africa in 1910?

A

Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange River Colony + people in the Natal

58
Q

What set the precedent for the South African Union?

A

Dominion status given to Australia + New Zealand
Took longer as the mix of black + white people set it apart from other ‘settler’ Dominions

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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