Chapter 12 - Relations With Indigenous People Flashcards
Where were protests most prevalent?
India
Where did British opposition grow?
The educated Indian professional classes
What else grew to encourage protests?
Nationalist newspapers
Although in 1901 census only 5.4% literate
Who were imprisoned for their newspapers stirring up hostility?
Bal Tilak
Shivram Paranjape
What did the Young India organisation do?
Established branches in different parts of India + assassinated British officials
What did people do in retaliation to the partition of Bengal?
Petitions, protests, a public boycott of B (mostly Lancashire textiles) goods
Called Swadeshi + had public bonfires (holi) of goods
How long did the campaign last?
6 years
(Meant Bengal reunited 1911)
What were the problems to B rule in Africa?
Competition with European powers
Local people’s resistance
Who was the main leader in challenging the B in British Somaliland?
Sayyid Hassan
Saw it as his duty to resist B
What was he known as to the B?
‘Mad Mullah’
But didn’t originate with B - is a translation of the Somali expression wadaad waal (the Mullah that is a lunatic) used by Somalis - shows wasn’t liked internally
What did he do?
Built up a force of 20,000 Dervish forces
Wanted to halt Ethiopian + Italian + British gains to drive Christian’s to the sea
He antagonised local communities in B Somaliland
What did Britain do to counter him?
Conducted joint military action with Ethiopia’s Emperor Menelik
Without conclusive success
Where did the Dervishes have a small victory?
The Battle of Dul Madoba 1913
Weren’t fully suppressed until after WW1
Who challenged B control in Zanzibar?
Khalid bin Barghash
Assumed power 1896 after suspicious death of pro-B Sultan Hamoud
He commanded 3000 men
Fled when heavy bombardment of B ships nearby
Lasted 2 days
What did the British Governor Cardew of Sierra Leone do 1898?
Introduced new severe tax on dwellings = ‘hut tax’
Insisted local chiefs organise their followers to maintain roads
What did Cardew do when he was met with resistance?
Responded militarily
Deployed ‘scorched earth’ approach - set fire to entire villages farms and crops
Primary adversary Chief Bai Bureh surrendered
100s killed
Had 96 of the chiefs warriors hung
Where were the greatest challenges to Britains rule?
In Sudan
What was reported as the ‘downfall of the worst tyranny in the world’?
Kitchener’s conquest of Egyptian Sudan
In battle of Omdurman + fall of Khartoum 1898
Why did the Sudanese want the downfall of the Mahdist regime?
Destroyed the economy
Decline in 50% of the population - famine, disease, persecution + warfare
What did the B mean to them?
Just exchanging one oppressor for another
How long did it take the B to subdue the tribes in the south of Sudan?
30 years
What angered the Sudanese people?
The B making modern govt, new penal codes, land rules + system of taxation
How did the tribes respond to this?
Refused to renounce their customs
Didn’t pay tax
Inter-tribal feuds persisted
How many expeditions were mounted to force tribesmen to accept the new order?
33
When were there Mahdist risings?
1900
1902
1903
1904
1908
What did the B do to make an example of the rebels?
Public hangings
Without trial
What did the B do for Sudan?
Helped economic development
Telegraph + railway lines extended
1911 joint private + govt Gezira Scheme to provide high quality cotton for B
Improvement in irrigation
What was Cecil Rhodes aim in South Africa when he became PM of the Cape?
Bring the Boer republics into a South African federation
The British would be the dominant partner
Where did his irritation come from?
Damage of the high tariffs imposed by the Boers
His personal hostility to Paul Kruger (leading Boer politician)
Why had the Transvaal prestige grown?
Discovery of gold on the Rand in 1886
It extended its control over Swaziland with independent rail network to Portuguese controlled port
Who were concerned about B dominance in SA being threatened?
Rhodes + Chamberlain
What did they then support?
Jameson raid
What was the Jameson raid?
Uitlanders pulled back from planned rising against Boer govt
Rhodes wanted Dr Jameson to invade Transvaal
Had only 500 mounted police + defeated + surrendered in 4 days
Jameson + 4 others sentenced to imprisonment
Rhodes forced to resign from Cape Premiership
Who encouraged a vigorous policy despite strong nationalism in the Transvaal?
Alfred Milner
Who was shot by a Transvaal policeman?
Tom Edgar
Prompted Uitlander outrage + pressure on B govt to act
What did Milner demand at the Bloemfontein Conference 1899?
Voting rights to Uitlanders
Kruger refused
What happened after Kruger refused?
Couldn’t compromise
Mobilised troops
Oct 1899 Kruger issued ultimatum demanding B withdraw from borders of Boer republics
War broke out when B didn’t leave
When was B military victory?
1902
What did Commander-in-Chief General Kitchener deploy?
A ‘scorched earth’ policy - incinerated Boer farms + livestock
What happened to Boer families and Black Africans?
Put in concentration camps with bad conditions
Suffered due to malnutrition + disease
By the end of the war how many people were living in the concentration camps?
115,000
Many more had died in them
What were the effects of the epidemics?
Spread fast - due to sanitary ignorance
16,000 B soldiers died from it
(3 times as many died in action)
Who disliked these methods?
Humanitarians, left-wing liberals + socialists
Didn’t think it was a ‘means to an end’
What did they describe the camps as?
‘Methods of barbarianism’
What were the lasting effects of the war?
The moral shortcomings display by the B for the empire
Not that they had to accept B sovereignty
Why did the war shake B confidence?
Thought it would last 3-4 months + 75,000 troops +£10 million
Actually lasted 3 years + 400,000 troops +£230 million
How many people were killed?
22,000 B military
6000 Boer troops
What did B have to rely on to win?
Troops from other parts of the empire
E.g. India
What couldn’t B rely on in SA?
Sea power
What did the wars shortcomings encourage?
National efficiency
Only Conservatives spoke out politically for imperialism
Still had support
What did the defeat in the war promote the Boers to develop?
Use of colloquial version of Dutch spoken by the Boers rather than English
New political organisations - Het Volk (‘The People’)
What treaty granted compensation to restore + restock farms?
Treaty of Vereeniging
How much were they given?
£3 million
What did Milner also work on doing?
Integrating the economies of the B + Boer colonies to a single customs union
Uniting their railway systems
When was the Transvaal granted self-governing status?
1906
When was the Orange River Colony granted self-governing status?
1907
Who was part of the Union of South Africa in 1910?
Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange River Colony + people in the Natal
What set the precedent for the South African Union?
Dominion status given to Australia + New Zealand
Took longer as the mix of black + white people set it apart from other ‘settler’ Dominions
