Chapter 9: Articulations Flashcards
List the functional classifications of joints. (3)
- Synarthrosis - immovable joint
- Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joint
- Diarthrosis - freely movable joint
List the structural classifications of joints. (3)
- Fibrous joint - ie. sutures
- Cartilaginous joint - ie. ribs
- Synovial joint - (most common)
What is arthrology?
The study of joints.
List the 2 ways joints can be classified.
Structure (type of connective tissue)
Function (degree of mobility)
List the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints.
- Gomphosis - joint between teeth and mandible/maxilla - (Classified as synarthrosis)
- Suture - joint between bones of the skull (Classified as synarthrosis)
- Syndesmosis - bones joined together by interosseous membrane; i.e. between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula (Classified as amphiarthrosis)
List the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints.
Give an example of each and what kind of cartilage is involved.
- Synchondroses - joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage; i.e. ribs to sternum (Classified as synarthrosis)
- Symphyses - joint with a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones; i.e. pubic syntheses/vertebral discs (Classified as amphiarthrosis)
What is a synovial joint? List some examples.
- Classified as diarthrosis (freely movable)
- Most common type of joint in the body
- Bones are separated by a space called a “joint cavity”
Examples: Glenohumoral joint (shoulder joint) Tempomandibular joint (TMJ)
List the parts of a joint capsule. (7 structures)
Identify these structures on the diagram in the book.
(Diagram - Pg. 257)
- Articular capsule
- Joint Cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilages
- Ligaments
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
List the 4 accessory structures to synovial joints and a brief description of each.
- Bursa - saclike structure, contains synovial fluid, provides cushioning and the fluid helps reduce friction
- Fat pad - along periphery of joint, acts as packing material to fill the spaces; provides some protection
- Tendons - attach muscle to bones; stabilizes joint
- Ligaments - attaches bone to bone; stabilizes joint
List the 3 types of movement allowed by synovial joints.
- uniaxial - 1 plane
- biaxial - 2 planes
- multiaxial (triaxial) - multiple planes
List the 6 types if synovial joints, what kind of movement they have, and give an example of each.
- Planar (gliding) joint - uniaxial - ie. between the carpals/tarsals
- Hinge joint - uniaxial - ie. knee, phalanges
- Pivot joint - unaxial - ie. atlas/axis (this type has a ligament involved!!
- Condyloid joint - biaxial - ie. between metacarpals and phalanges
- Saddle joint - biaxial - ie. between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
- Ball and Socket joint - multiaxial - ie. hip and shoulder
List the important ligaments of the vertebral joints.
(I picked 3.)
(Diagram - Pg. 267)
Transverse ligament - on the atlas and stretches in front of the dens
Supraspinous ligament - runs along the spinous processes
Ligamentum flavum - attaches to the lamina to keep them in line; keeps gliding joints stable
List the important ligaments of the talocrural joint (ankle joint).
(I picked 2)
(Diagram - Pg. 280)
Deltoid ligaments - medial side of the ankle
Lateral ligaments - lateral side of the ankle (surprise!)
List the important ligament(s) of the coxal joint (hip joint).
(I picked 1) Why is this ligament important?
(Diagram - Pg. 276)
Ligament of the head of the femur.
Importance:
- attaches to the fovea on the femur and supplies the head of the femur with nutrients and blood
List the important ligaments of the knee joint.
(I picked 4)
(Diagram - Pg. 279)
ACL - Anterior Cruciate Ligament
PCL - Posterior Cruciate Ligament
LCL - Lateral Collateral Ligament
MCL - Medial Collateral Ligament
List the unique features of the talomandibular joint (TMJ).
It has an articular disc in the articular capsule.
List the unique features of the shoulder joint.
Subacromial bursa
Subdeltoid bursa
Define articulation.
A joint.
Define articulate.
Place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth.
Discuss relative stability of a joint as it relates to structure and mobility.
Structure determines mobility and stability.
more mobility = less stability
List the 3 types of arthritis and
- Gouty arthritis (Gout) - increased uric acid, usually effects males, often starts in big toe; urate crystals form
- Osteoartritis - chronic, degenerative; most common type of arthritis; result of the “wear and tear” on joints
- Rhuematoid arthritis - Autoimmune (body attacking itself), body makes antibodies to fight a virus and it moves into the joints; treated with meds to slow it down and reduce pain; more common in women
What is arthritis?
group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joints Can cause: - swelling of the joint - pain - stiffness
Direction of movements of the joints of the axial skeleton.
Joints: Suture Temporomandibular Atlanto-occipital (atlas and occipital condyles) Atlantoaxial (atlas and axis) Intervertebral Vertebrocostal (vertebra and ribs) Lumbosacral (5th vertebra and sacrum) Sternocostal (sternum and first 7 ribs)
Suture - no movement
Temporomandibular - depression, elevation, lateral displacement, protraction, retraction, slight rotation
Atlanto-occipital - flexion, extension, slight lateral flexion
Atlantoaxial - rotation
Intervertebral - flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Vertebrocostal - slight gliding
Lumbosacral - flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Sternocostal - some gliding between sternum & ribs 2-7
Direction of movements of the joints of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
Joints: Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Glenohumeral Elbow Radioulnar Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal Metacarpophalangeal Interphalangeal
Sternoclavicular - Elevation depression circumduction
Acromioclavicular - gliding
Glenohumeral - Adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, internal and external rotation (same as medial and lateral rotation)
Elbow - flexion, extension
Radioulnar - rotation
Radiocarpal - adduction, abduction, circumduction, extension, flexion
Intercarpal - gliding
Carpometacarpal - adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, opposition, gliding
Metacarpophalangeal - adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, extension
Interphalangeal - Flexion, extension
Direction of movements of the joints of the pelvic girdle and upper limb.
Joints: Sacroiliac Coxal (hip) Pubic symphysis Knee Tibiofibular Talocrural (ankle) Intertarsal Tarsometatarsal Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal
Sacroiliac - slight gliding
Coxal (hip) - adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, internal and external rotation (same as medial and lateral rotation)
Pubic symphysis - slight movement
Knee - flexion, extension, (book says internal and external rotation of leg in flexed position - seems like that movement would be more from the hip joint…?)
Tibiofibular - flight rotation of fibular during dorsiflexion
Talocrural (ankle) - dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Intertarsal - Inversion, eversion
Tarsometatarsal - slight gliding
Metatarsophalangeal - Adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, extension
Interphalangeal - flexion, extension
In an intervertebral joint, which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebra?
(Diagram - Pg. 267)
Ligamentum Flavum
