Chapter 6: Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
1
Q
Condyle
A
Large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure
2
Q
Facet
A
Small, flat, shallow articulating surface
3
Q
Head
A
Prominent, rounded epiphysis (articulating surface)
4
Q
Trochlea
A
Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
5
Q
Alveolus
A
Deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
6
Q
Fossa
A
Flattened or shallow depression
7
Q
Sulcus
A
Narrow groove
8
Q
Crest
A
Narrow, prominent, ridge like projection
9
Q
Epicondyle
A
Projection adjacent to a condyle
10
Q
Line
A
Low ridge
11
Q
Process
A
Any marked bony prominence
12
Q
Ramus
A
Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
13
Q
Spine
A
Pointed, slender process
14
Q
Trochanter
A
Massive rough projection found only on the femur
15
Q
Tubercle
A
Small, round projection
16
Q
Tuberosity
A
Large, rough projection
17
Q
Canal
A
Passageway through the bone
18
Q
Fissure
A
Narrow, slitlike opening through a bone
19
Q
Foramen
A
Rounded passageway though a bone
20
Q
Sinus
A
Cavity of hollow space in a bone
21
Q
How many bones are in the body? How many are in the axial skeleton and how many are in the appendicular skeleton?
A
206 in the adult skeleton.
- 80 bones in the axial skeleton
- 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton
22
Q
List the 3 major types of cartilage with a description and an example of each.
A
- Hyaline cartilage: Most abundant, flexible/resilient, provides gliding surface where bones articulate; provides model for the formation of most bones i.e.. ends of bones, rings of trachea (function there is to support soft tissue)
- Fibrocartilage: Acts as shock absorber, where strength is needed; i.e. mensicus, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
- Elastic cartilage: Flexible and returns to shape, supports the fleshy part of the ear; i.e. ear
23
Q
List the 4 shape classifications of bones with a description and an example.
A
- Long bones: longer than they are wide; i.e. femur, phalanges
- Short bones: roughly as tall as they are wide; i.e. carpals/tarsals, sesamoid bones
- Flat bones: flat and thin; sternum, ribs, some cranial bones
- Irregular bones: complex shape: i.e. vertebra
24
Q
List and identify the general anatomical features of long bones.
(I picked 7.)
(Diagram - Pg. 151)
A
Articular cartilage Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis Medullary cavity Endosteam Periosteum
25
List the 3 major functions of cartilage.
1. Support soft tissues.
2. Provide gliding surface in joints.
3. Provide model for the formation of bones (in fetus).
26
List the functions of the skeletal system. (5)
Supports our weight/provides framework
Movement - functions as levers with muscles
Protection of organs
Storage of minerals & energy reserves - Ca & Phosphate
Hemopoiesis
27
Bones
Composed of osseous connective tissue primarily.
| Matrix is sturdy and rigid due to calcification, or mineralization.
28
What is hemopoiesis?
Blood cell production.
29
What are calcium and phosphate used for?
90% of the body's mineral reserves of Ca and P are stored in the bones
Ca: muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse
P: used in ATP
30
Compact vs Spongy bone
Compact bone: solid, dense; extrnal surface of long and flat bones
Spongy bone: open lattice of bone - "trabeculae"; internal surface of bones; functions to make bone lighter AND spread out the stress put on bones, makes them very strong like a jungle gym.
31
List the 4 types of bone cells and their significance.
1. Osteoprogenitor Cells
- come from mesenchyme
- divide into 2: 1 stays an osteoprogenitor the other becomes an osteoblast
2. Osteoblast
- builds bone
- forms bone matrix all around itself
3. Osteocyte
- a mature osteoblast is called an osteocyte
- maintains the bone matrix
4. Osteoclast
- breaks down bone
(by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes)
32
What is the basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone?
Osteon or Haversion system
33
Describe the layers of flat bones within the skull.
```
Spongy bone sandwich.
Compact bone.
Spongy bone.
Compact bone.
(No Medullary cavity)
```
34
Describe the components of an Osteon/Haversion System.
| Diagram - Pg. 155
- Central canal/Haversion canal contains blood vessels and nerves.
- Lamellae - concentric rings consisting of collagen fibers, connective tissue, and osteocytes surround the canal
- Osteocytes located between adjacent lamellae
- Lacunae are spaces within the bone matrix where the osteocytes sit
- Other canals and lamellae
35
List the 3 types of canals found in an Osteon or Haversion System and there descriptions.
1. Central: contains blood vessels and nerves
2. Perforating: Perpendicular to central canal contains blood vessels and nerves
3. Canaliculi: Between lacunae; allow metabolic interactions between osteocytes
36
List the 3 types of lamellae found in an Osteon or Haversion System and their descriptions.
1. Concentric: rings of bone around the central canal
2. Circumferential: along the endosteum and periosteum
3. Interstitial: "leftover" pieces of old osteons
37
List and identify the 2 types of ossification.
1. Intramembranous ossification
- from membranes
- flat bones of skull (fontanelles), some facial bones, and middle of clavicle
2. Endochondral ossification - from cartilage
- most prevalent type; produces most bones of the skeleton
38
Describe the formation of the epiphyseal line.
Bone growth is complete when the epiphyseal plate has ossified and forms the epiphyseal line.
Between ages of 10-25.
39
Describe the zones of the epiphyseal plate.
```
Zone 1: Resting cartilage; next to epiphysis
Zone 2: Proliferating cartilage
Zone 3: Hypertrophic cartilage
Zone 4: Calcified cartilage
Zone 5: Ossification; next to Diaphysis
```
40
Bone Remodeling
Continual break down and build up of bone.
- Helps maintain Ca and P levels in body fluids
- Stimulated by stress on bones (exercise), hormones, diet
41
List the 4 stages of healing a bone fx.
1. Hematoma occurs (blood clot).
2. Soft calus forms (fibrocartilage) 3 weeks
3. Hard callus forms (bony) replacing soft callus (3-4 mon.)
4. Bone is remodeled
42
List some types of bone fx's and describe them.
| I picked 10
1. Colles (distal end of radius)
2. Comminuted (bone splinters into several small pieces)
3. Compound (one breaks through skin)
4. Greenstick (part of bone break, part just bends)
5. Oblique (at an angle)
6. Pott (distal end of fibula and malleolus of tibia)
7. Spiral
8. Transverse (straight across)
9. Avulsion (bone fragment/soft tissue pulled from attachment)
10. Hairline (fine crack in the bone)
43
Discuss blood supply and innervation of bone.
Bone is highly vascular.
Blood vessels enter bones from periosteum
Nutrient artery and vein supply the diaphysis of long bone.
Nerves innervate the periosteum, bone, and medullary cavity through nutrient foramen and are mainly sensory
- i.e. stress/pain
44
Describe the structure and cells of cartilage.
Cartilage is a semi-rigid connective tissue
- not as strong as bone; more flexible
- avascular
Cartilage cells:
Chondroblasts - build the matrix
Chondrocytes - mature chondroblasts; surrounded by matrix; live in lacunae
45
Describe the effects of exercise on bone growth and remodeling.
Exercise stimulates osteoblast activity and bone density.
- pounding stress, gravity, muscles pulling on bone, weight bearing activity
Lack of exercise/stress weakens bone.
46
List the 6 steps of endochondral ossification.
| Diagram - Pg. 159
1. Hyaline cartilage model forms. (Fetal)
2. Cartilage calcifies, a periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis.
3. Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis.
4. Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses. (medullary cavity forms)
5. Bone replaces cartilage (except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates)
6. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal line
