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Undeleted > Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

List the 7 bones that make up the orbital complex.

A
  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Sphenoid Bone
  3. Zygomatic Bone
  4. Maxilla Bone
  5. Palatine Bone
  6. Lacrimal Bone
  7. Ethmoid Bone
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2
Q

List the 8 bones that make up the cranium. (6 named; some are paired)

A

Cranial bones are those that surround and enclose the brain.

  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Parietal Bones (2)
  3. Temporal Bones (2)
  4. Occipital Bone
  5. Ethmoid Bone
  6. Sphenoid Bone
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3
Q

List the 14 facial bones. (8 named; some are paired.)

A

Facial bones are those that form the face.

  1. Nasal Bones (2)
  2. Lacrimal Bones (2)
  3. Maxilla Bones (2)
  4. Zygomatic bones (2)
  5. Palatine Bones (2)
  6. Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
  7. Vomer Bone
  8. Mandible Bone
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4
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

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5
Q

List the (4) sutures of the skull and the bones that they border.

A
  1. Coronal Suture between the frontal bone and parietal bones.
  2. Sagittal Suture between the 2 parietal bones.
  3. Squamous Sutures between the parietal bones and the temporal bones.
  4. Lambdoid Suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.
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6
Q

List the prominent structures of the mandible.

I picked 8 to list

A 
Head of mandible
Mandibular notch
Condylar process
Ramus
Angle of mandible
Body
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
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7
Q

What 2 bones make up the nasal septum?

A
  1. Vomer

2. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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8
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

22 bones make up the entire skull.

  • 8 Cranial Bones
  • 14 Facial Bones
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9
Q

What is the pterion?

A

It’s your “temple.”

The area where your frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and sphenoid bone meet.

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10
Q

What is the name of the joint where the mandible attaches to the skull?

A

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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11
Q

List the 3 features of the hyoid bone.

A

Greater cornu
Lesser cornu
Body

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12
Q

What does cornu mean?

A

“Horn”

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13
Q

What is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with another bone? List it’s functions.

A

Hyoid bone

- Serves as attachment for tongue and muscles of the larynx (swallowing)

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14
Q

List the prominent structures of the sphenoid bone using the cowboy story.
(That’s 6 structures.)

A

He sits in the sella turcica (the turkish saddle.)
Looks forward though through the optic canals.
Puts his round toed boots into the foramen rotundum.
His lasso goes in the foramen lacerum.
He looks back over the valley (foramen ovale).
And he spits. (Foramen spinosum).

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15
Q

List the prominent external structures of the frontal bone.

I picked 4.

A

Glabella
Superciliary arch
Supraorbital margin
Supraorbital foramen/notch

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16
Q

List the prominent external structures of the parietal bone.

I picked 3.

A

Parietal eminence
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line

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17
Q

List the prominent internal and external structures of the temporal bone. (I picked 7, total.)

A 
External:
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Squamous part

Internal:
Internal acoustic meatus inside the skull
Petrous part

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18
Q

List the prominent external structures of the occipital bone.
(I picked 7.)

A 
Basilar part
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
External occipital crest
External occipital protuberance
Superior and Inferior nuchal lines
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19
Q

List the prominent structures of the superior and posterior views of the sphenoid bone.
(I picked 11, total.)

A 
Superior view:
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Optic canal
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes

Posterior View:
Body of sphenoid
Medial and Lateral pterygoid processes
Superior orbital fissure

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20
Q

List the prominent structures of the superior and anterior views of the ethmoid bone.
(I picked 5, total.)

A

Anterior:
Crista galli
Perpendicular plate
Superior and medial nasal concha

Superior:
Ethmoid sinus
Cribiform plate

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21
Q

What 2 structures make up the zygomatic arch?

A

The zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

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22
Q

Name the 3 processes of the zygomatic bone.

A

Temporal process
Frontal process
Maxillary process

23
Q

List the 3 cranial fossa.

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

24
Q

List the prominent structures of the palatine bone.

I picked 2.

A

Horizontal plate

Perpendicular plate

25
Q

List the prominent structures of the maxilla.

I picked 1.

A

Palatine process

26
Q

Define fontanelle.

A

Regions between the cranial bones composed of a thickened, fibrous membrane that has not yet ossified.
Often referred to as “soft spots” on a baby’s head.

27
Q

List the (4) fontanelles.

A

Anterior fontanelle
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Mastoid fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle

They close by 15 months via intramembranous ossification.

28
Q

List the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebra there are of each type.

A 
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused)
29
Q

List the 3 spinal curvature abnormalities.

A

Kyphosis “hunchback” - exaggerated thoracic curve
Lordosis “swayback” - exaggerated lumbar curve
Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature (most common)

30
Q

List the features that are unique to the cervical vertebra.

A

Transverse foramen

Bifid spinous processes

31
Q

List the features that are unique to the thoracic vertebra

A

Costal facets on body of vertebra and on the transverse processes
Demicostal facets on the body

32
Q

List the features that are unique to the lumbar vertebra.

A

Thick vertebral body

Spinous process is short and blunt

33
Q

List the features unique to the atlas.

Diagram - Pg. 210

A

C1: Atlas
No body
No vertebral disc between C1 and C2

34
Q

List the features unique to the axis.

Diagram - Pg. 210

A

C2: Axis
Dens - acts as axis of rotation for C1 on C2
No vertebral disc between C1 and C2

35
Q

List the prominent structures of the sacrum.

Diagram - Pg. 211

A

Made of 5 vertebra fused together.
Ala are the “wings”
Promontory is where the L-spine meets the sacrum
Lateral borders articulates with the os coxae of the appendicular skeleton.

36
Q

List the prominent structures of the coccyx.

A

“Tail bone”

Made of 4 vertebra fused together.

37
Q

List the 3 structures of the sternum.

Diagram - Pg. 212

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

38
Q

What are the 3 kinds of ribs and how many of each do we have?

(Diagram - Pg. 212)

A

We have 12 PAIRS of ribs.
Ribs 1-7 are True Ribs - (7)
Ribs 8-12 are False Ribs - (5)
(Ribs 11-12 are floating Ribs)

39
Q

What is the difference between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?

A

True ribs connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage. False ribs connect to ribs above them and therefore do NOT have direct attachment to the sternum. Floating ribs have no connection to the sternum at all. They only articulate with the vertebra.

40
Q

The head and tubercle of the ribs articulates with what structures of the vertebra?

A

The head of the ribs articulates with the bodies of vertebra.
The tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.

41
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

It occurs when the nucleus pulpous of a disc protrudes into or through the annulus fibrosus of the disc. This bulge causes pinching of spinal cord/spinal nerves.

42
Q

List the 4 major sinuses in the skull.

What are their functions? (3)

A 
Paranasal sinuses:
- Frontal Sinus
- Ethmoid Sinus
- Maxillary Sinus
Sphenoid sinus

Functions:
Humidify and warm inhaled air
Provide resonance for your voice
Makes skull bones lighter.

43
Q

List and discuss the functions of the vertebral column.

A
  • Provides vertical support for the body
  • Support the weight of the head
  • Help maintain upright body position
  • Help transfer axial skeleton weight to the appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs
  • Houses and protects spinal cord and provides a passageway for the spinal nerves
44
Q

List the 3 bones of the inner ear and the temporal area where they are housed.

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Housed in the petrous region of the temporal bone.

45
Q

List the curvatures of the spine and if they are primary or secondary and anterior or posterior.

A

Cervical curvature - Secondary - Anterior
Thoracic curvature - Primary - Posterior
Lumbar Curvature - Secondary - Anterior
Sacral Curvature - Primary - Posterior

46
Q

List the prominent structures of a a typical vertebra.
(I picked 9.)

(Diagram - Pg. 206)

A 
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Vertebral Foramen
Superior Articular Process and Facet
Inferior Articular Process and Facet
Lamina
Pedicle
Intervertebral notch - (when matched with one from another vertebra they form the intervertebral foramen)
47
Q

List the 3 components of the thoracic cage.

A

Thoracic vertebra
Ribs
Sternum

48
Q

List the prominent structures of a rib.

I picked 6.

A 
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Costal groove
Shaft
49
Q

List the functions of the thoracic cage.

A
  • Protects vital organs of the thoracic cavity - heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus
  • Provides attachment points for muscles - back, neck, pectoral girdle, shoulders, chest, and respiratory muscles
50
Q

Discuss rib articulations.

A

Ribs 2-9 articulate in 3 places:

  • inferior demifacet of one vertebra
  • superior demifacet of the next vertebra down
  • transverse process of the vertebra

Ribs 1, 10-12 articulate in 2 places:

  • costal facet of vertebra
  • transverse process of the same vertebra
51
Q

List and identify the parts of an intervertebral disc.

A

Anulus fibrosus: Outer portion - tough/fibrous

Nucleus pulposus: Inner portion - gel-like

52
Q

The “dens” of the axis is also known as the _______ ______.

A

odontoid process

53
Q

Define suture.

A

An immovable joint that forms the boundaries between the cranial bones.

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