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Undeleted > Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Define rostral and caudal.

A

rostral - toward the nose

caudal - toward the tail (down and back)

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2
Q

Define meninges, list them, and discuss their location and function.

A

Meninges: 3 layers of dense regular connective tissue that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium.

Functions:

  • Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply brain
  • Contain and circulate CSF
  • Some form veins that drain blood from brain

3 Meninges:
1. Dura Mater - most superficial; strongest/most durable layer, and made of two fibrous layers; periosteal layer and meningeal layer; attaches to the cranium; in some areas these 2 layers separate to form dural venous sinuses.

(Subdural space is here between these 2 meninges)

  1. Arachnoid Mater - deep to the dura mater; made of delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers called arachnoid trabecular;

(Subarachnoid space is here between these 2 meninges)

  1. Pia Mater - innermost layer; thin and delicate; tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of brain surface
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3
Q

Discuss the production, circulation, and function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

(Diagram of circulation, Pg. 451)

A

CSF is a clear liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space; bathes and completely surrounds the the structures of the CNS.

Functions:

  • CSF acts a cushioning fluid for the brain (protection)
  • buoyancy
  • environmental stability (nutrients)

Production:
- by choroid plexus (ependymal cells) in ventricles

Circulation:

  • Flows from 3rd ventricle through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
  • then flows into subarachnoid space where it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
  • then it flows into the central canal of the spinal cord
  • Excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi and drains into dural venous sinuses

*Pressure on the CSF in subarachnoid space ensures that CSF can move into those sinuses without letting venous blood enter the subarachnoid space.

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4
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Are they part of the CNS or PNS?

A
  • 12 pairs

- PNS

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5
Q

List the 5 lobes of the brain, discuss their basic functions, and be able to label them in a diagram.

(Diagram Pg. 438 & 453)

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
    - voluntary control of motor activity
    - personality center
    - cognition, attention, motivation
    - emotion, judgement, conscience
    - broca’s area: motor control of speech
  2. Parietal Lobe
    - Sensory lobe; perception and meaning
    - Spatial awareness
    - Taste perception
    - Speech comprehension (Wernicke’s)
  3. Temporal Lobe
    - Hearing, interpretation of speech and smell
    - Learning
    - Comprehension of language (Wernicke’s)
  4. Occipital Lobe
    - Primary visual cortex
    - Visual memory
  5. Insula Lobe
    - Memory
    - Interpreting taste
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6
Q

List the 4 major regions of the brain and be able to label them in a diagram.

(Diagram Pg. 441)

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem
  4. Cerebellum
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7
Q

True or False

Brain size is directly correlated with intelligence.

A

False.

The number of active synapses is what determines intelligence.

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8
Q

Discuss the structure and function of the blood brain barrier (BBB).

A

Function:

  • Strictly regulates what substance can enter the fluid of the brain
  • Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, hormones)

Structure:

  • Capillary endothelial cells and ASTROCYTES (act as “gate keepers”)
  • Tight junctions prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary wall

BBB is reduced or missing in 3 distinct areas:

  1. choroid plexus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pineal gland

Why? You want CSF to have easy access to the brain and hormones to be able to get into the blood easily.

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9
Q

Define cerebral nucleus.

A

Collection of gray matter buried deep within central white matter in the basal region of the brain.

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10
Q

Describe the (3) components of the diencephalon and their basic functions. Be able to label these on a diagram.

(Diagram Pg. 441)

A
  1. Epithalamus
    - Pineal Gland: secretes melatonin - hormone that regulates day night cycles (sleep-wake)
    - Habenular nuclei: relay signals from limbic system to mesencephalon; visceral and emotional responses to odor
  2. Thalamus
    - Receive sensory impulses from all conscious senses (except olfaction)
    - Principle relay point for sensory info to be processed, filtered, and projected to cerebral (somatosensory) cortex
  3. Hypothalamus
    - Control of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
    - Control of emotional behavior, food & water intake
    - Regulate body temp and sleep-wake cycles
    (communicates with pineal glad for sleep-wake cycles)
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11
Q

Describe the (3) components of the brainstem and their basic functions.

A

Think: “vitals”

  1. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  2. Pons
    - Rate and depth of breathing
  3. Medulla oblongata
    - Breathing center, HR, BP
    - All info from periphery passes through here
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12
Q

Discuss the location and function of the cerebellum.

A

Functions:

  • Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements
  • Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
  • Receives proprioception info and uses it to regulate body position (maintain balance, equilibrium, posture by adjusting skeletal muscle activity)
    • Monitors position of joints and muscle tone

Location:

  • Posterior inferior portion of the brain; behind brainstem
  • Cross section looks like a tree
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13
Q

Discuss the organization of brain tissue: Gray matter vs white matter.

A

Gray matter: motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

White matter: myelinated axons

In the brain: White matter is deeper, gray matter is more superficial. The sheet of gray matter that covers the surface of the adult brain is called the “cortex.”
There are clusters of gray matter in the white matter which is called “cerebral nuclei.”

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14
Q

List the 10 functional areas of the brain, their function, and the lobe they are found in.

Hint: Think “cortex”

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex
    - Frontal Lobe
    - motor function; voluntary skeletal m. activity
  2. Brocas area
    - Frontal Lobe
    - controls muscular movements needed for vocalization
  3. Primary Somatosensory cortex
    - Parietal Lobe
    - Somatic sensory info (body sense info)
  4. Visual cortex
    - Occipital Lobe
    - receives and processes incoming visual info
  5. Auditory cortex
    - Temporal Lobe
    - Receives and processes auditory info
  6. Gustatory cortex
    - Insula Lobe
    - Processes taste in formation
  7. Olfactory cortex
    - Temporal Lobe
    - Provides conscious awareness of smell
  8. Premotor cortex
    - Frontal Lobe
    - Processes motor info and coordinates learned skilled motor activities
  9. Somatosensroy Association area
    - Parietal Lobe
    - Integrates and interpretes sensory info
  10. Wernicke’s area
    - Parietal and Temporal Lobes
    - Recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language
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15
Q

Define gyrus, sulcus, and fissure.

A

Gyrus: folds on the outer surface of an adult brain

Sulcus: shallow depressions between the folds (gyri)

Fissure: deep furrow, cleft, or slit

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16
Q

Discuss the limbic system.

Diagram Pg. 469

A
  • Emotions
  • Affects memory formation (via past memories of physical sensations with emotional states)

Consists of several structures: (Diagram Pg. 469)

  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdaloid body
  • olfactory bulb
  • tracts and cortex
  • fornix
  • parts of diencephalon
17
Q

Discuss the cerebrum.

A
  • Consciousness and thought process
  • Structures include R and L halves (cerebral hemispheres), gyri, sulci, fissures, cortex, corpus callosum
  • Corpus callosum connects and allows for communication between the two hemispheres
  • Each hemisphere is subdivided into 5 lobes
18
Q

Discuss the ventricles.

A
  • Cavities within the brain derived from embryonic neural tube
  • 4 ventricles (all continuous with one another)
    • 2 Lateral ventricles (in cerebrum; separated by septum pellucidum)
    • Third ventricle (in diencephalon)
    • Fourth ventricle (in pons and cerebellum)
19
Q

List all the cranial nerves in order and be able to label them on a diagram. (12 pairs)

(Diagram Pg. 440 & 471)

A

“OLd OPerators OCcationally TROll TRIumphantly ABoard FAncy VESpas GLeaming, VArious ACCESSORies Hijacked”

CN I - Olfactory
CN II - Optic
CN III - Oculomotor
CN IV - Trochlear
CN V - Trigeminal
CN VI - Abducens
CN VII - Facial
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus
CN XI - Accessory
CN XII - Hypoglossal
20
Q

Name each cranial nerve.
Tell what type of nerve it is: Sensory, Motor, Both
List their basic function.

(Number/Name, Type, Function)
N/N:
T:
F:

A

N/N: (CN I) Olfactory Nerve
T: Sensory
F: Smell

N/N: (CN II) Optic Nerve
T: Sensory
F: Vision

N/N: (CN III) Oculomotor Nerve
T: Motor
F: Eye muscles (4), elevates eyelids, pupil constriction, contract muscles associated with the lens in the eye

N/N: (CN IV) Trochlear Nerve
T: Motor
F: Superior oblique eye muscle

N/N: (CN V) Trigeminal Nerve
T: Both
F: (think dentist) Sensory for face, nasal cavity, part of the ear and tongue; Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympani (in ear)

N/N: (CN VI) Abducens Nerve
T: Motor
F: Lateral rectus eye movement (think of JJ)

N/N: (CN VII) Facial Nerve
T: Both
F: Taste from front portion of tongue; muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius (in ear)

N/N: (CN VIII) Vestibulocochlear Nerve
T: Sensory
F: Equilibrium and hearing

N/N: (CN IX) Glossopharyngeal Nerve
T: Both
F: Sense and taste for back part of tongue, sense from pharynx, visceral sense from carotid bodies; 1 pharyngeal muscle; increase secretion from salivary gland

N/N: (CN X) Vagus Nerve
T: Both
F: Visceral sense for for heart, lungs, ab organs; pharynx and larynx muscles;

N/N: (CN XI) Accessory Nerve
T: Motor
F: Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

N/N: (CN XII) Hypoglossal Nerve
T: Motor
F: Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

21
Q

List the 4 cranial dural septa and be able to label them on a diagram.

(Diagram Pg. 447)

A
  1. Falx Cerebri
    - separates R & L cerebral hemispheres
  2. Tentorium Cerebelli (with tentorial notch)
    - separates cerebrum and cerebellum
    - the notch is the gap that allows a passageway for the brainstem
  3. Falx Cerebelli
    - separates R & L cerebellar hemispheres
  4. Diaphragma Sellae
    - separates pituitary gland from hypothalamus
    (pituitary gland sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and the diaphragm sellae goes right over that)

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