Chapter 4: Tissue Level Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 different types of human tissue.

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. Examples of structures and locations.

A

Lines every body surface and all body cavities.
Constitutes most glands
One or more layers of closely packed cells form a barrier
Composed of cells bound by cell junctions

3 surfaces:
Apical surface (top surface)
Intercellular junctions (lateral surface)
Basal surface (fixed, bottom surface) - bound to basement membrane

Lacks blood vessels so nutrients are obtained directly across apical surface or by diffusion across basal surface.

Some is richly innervated.

High regeneration capacity - continual replacement

Functions:
Protection (skin)
Regulation of materials in/out of organ tissue
Produce secretions
The Senses
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3
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of connective tissue. Examples of structures and locations.

A

Binds body structures together.
Most diverse and abundant tissue.
Examples: cartilage, bone, blood, tendons/ligaments, fat

Function:

  • Support (bones)
  • Protect (skin, bones),
  • Bind structures (tendons, ligaments)
  • Storage (fat)
  • Transport (blood)

3 Basic components:

  • cells
  • protein fibers
  • ground substance

CELL TYPES
Connective tissue contains fibroblasts which regenerate tissue; Fat - adipocyte; Cartilage - chondrocytes; Bone - osteocytes; white blood cells etc for phagocytosis

PROTEIN FIBERS
throughout the tissue; strengthen and support; collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

Loose and Dense types
Loose - cushions organs (adipose)
Dense - everything else (tendons, skin, stomach)

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4
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of muscle tissue. Examples of structures and locations.

A

Respond to stimulation from the nervous system
Voluntary and Involuntary movements

3 types
Skeletal (striated) - voluntary
Smooth (non-striated) - Involuntary i.e. stomach, intestines
Cardiac (striated) - Involuntary - heart

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of nervous tissue. Examples of structures and locations.

A

Consists of neurons and glial cells

Functions:
Detect stimuli, process info fast, transmit impulse from one region of the body to another

processingm storage, and retrieval; internal communication.

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6
Q

Discuss tissue damage, repair, and death

A

Metaplasia: Tissue starts as one tissue and becomes another.
Hypertrophy: CELL gets bigger
Hyperplasia: AMOUNT of cells increases
Regeneration: Regrowth
Neoplasia: Out of control growth - cancer
Fibrosis: scar tissue
Atrophy: Shrinking of tissue either by cell size or number.

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7
Q

Define tissues.

A

Group of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function.

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8
Q

Basic functions and types of epithelial tissue.

A

Simple: One layer; Absorption/secretion

Stratified: Many layers; Protection/secretion

Shapes: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional.

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9
Q

Name the 4 types of cell junctions.

A
  • tight junctions: “gate keepers” between external and internal environment
  • adhering junctions: deep to tight junctions
  • desmosomes: “snap” little piece connecting cells
  • gap junctions: “tunnel” that connects one cell to another so items can pass through i.e. glucose (like the can and string example - allows communication between cells)
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10
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete directly into the blood stream. i.e. hormones

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11
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Maintain contact with surface via a duct. Duct secretes materials on the skin surface or lining of internal passageway.

simple or compound glands; tubular (tubes) or acinar (sacs) or tubuloacinar (both) ducts

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12
Q

Describe the differences between:
Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands
Apocrine glands

A

Merocrine glands: package secretions in vesicles and release by exocytosis i.e. salivary glands, gastric glands,

Holocrine glands: secretion produced by destruction of cell i.e. sebaceous glands

Apocrine glands: “decapitation,” top of cell squeezes off i.e. sweat glands/mammary glands

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13
Q

Cartilage

A

3 types
Hyaline - ends of bones (i.e. also nose, trachea)

Fibrocartilage - more firm, not as flexible (i.e. meniscus, vertebral discs)

Elastic - bend it and it goes back to it’s shape (i.e. external ear)

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14
Q

Bone

A

3 layers
Periostium - outer sheath surrounds bone but not on the ends

Compact - structure is close together, strong, small holes

Spongy - bigger holes, toward middle of the bone

osteocytes make and maintain regrowth of bone

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15
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Blood
(erythrocytes) red blood cells - transport O2 and CO2
(leukocytes) white blood cells - antibodies
platelets - clotting factor

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16
Q

Which primary tissue would be located in blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and in cartilage of some joints?

A

Connective Tissue

17
Q

What tissue type covers surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

A

Epithelial Tissue