Chapter 2: Basic Cellular Chemical Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the (3) components of atoms and their charge.

A

Protons: Positive (+) charge
Neutrons: Neutral charge
Electrons: Negative (-) charge

Nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
Electrons are found in orbitals/shells outside nucleus.
- first shell contains 2
- second shell contains 8

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2
Q

Define atomic mass and atomic number.

A

Atomic Mass: sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Atomic Number: number of protons in an atom

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3
Q

Define valence electrons.

A

Electrons found in the outer most shell

They participate in chemical rxns and form bonds

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4
Q

Define isotopes.

A

Different forms of the same atom.

Atomic # same, atomic mass is different b/c different number of neutrons

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5
Q

Discuss covalent bonds.

A
  • Occur when atoms share valence electrons
    2 types: nonpolar and polar
  • Nonpolar covalent bonds means e- are shared equally (no + or - poles)
  • Strongest bond
  • Polar colavent bonds means e- are shared UNEQUALLY
  • 2nd strongest bond
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6
Q

Discuss ionic bonds.

A
  • Occurs when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another
  • Forms charged atoms
  • Weakest type of bond
  • Cation (+ charge) and Anion (- charge)
  • Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic (hydration spheres concept)
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7
Q

Discuss Hydrogen bonds.

A
  • Hydrogen forms polar bond with another atom and takes on slight + charge making it attracted to nearby - charged atoms.
  • IE: Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent H20’s and create surface tension
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8
Q

Discuss Acids, Bases, and pH.

A

Acid: proton donor (release H+ in soln)
Base: proton acceptor (accepts H+ in soln)

pH: symbol of H+ concentration in soln

  • Scale of 0 to 14
  • Acid: pH less than 7
  • Base: pH greater than 7
  • Pure H20 has neutral pH: 7
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9
Q

Discuss buffers and the bicarbonate buffer system in blood.

A
  • Buffers: molecules that slow changes in pH by either combining with or releasing H+’s

Bicardbonate buffer system in blood:
H20 + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Rxn can go in either direction depending on amt of H+

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10
Q

Discuss blood pH.

A

Normal Range: 7.35 - 7.45
- Maintained by buffering run

If blood pH drops below 7.35 = Acidosis
If blood pH rises above 7.45 = Alkalosis

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11
Q

Discuss organic molecules.

A

Organic molecules are those that contain Carbon!

  • Carbon: 4 valence e-
  • Bonds covalently to fill outer shell to 8 e-
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12
Q

Discuss carbohydrates and the 3 types.

A

Organic molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in ratio 1:2:1 -> C(n)H(2n)O(n)

  1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
    - i.e. glucose, fructose
  2. Disaccharides (2 monosacchrides joined)
    - i.e. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
  3. Polysaccharides (many monosaccharides joined)
    - i.e. starch and glycogen which are storage molecules for glucose
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13
Q

Discuss dehydration synthesis.

A
  • Splitting water of 2 monosacchrides

- An H+ and OH- are removed producing water and the remaining parts of the monosaccharide bond together

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14
Q

Discuss hydrolysis.

A
  • Reverse of dehydration synthesis
  • H20 is split into H+ and OH- and each is added to a monosarccharide
  • So you’re putting water back in and getting 2 molecules back
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15
Q

Discuss lipids.

A
  • Insoluable in water
  • can be saturated (bad for heart) of unsaturated (good for heart)
  • Phospholipids 2 parts:
    1. Phosphate part: round head, polar/hydrophilic (water loving)
    2. Lipid part: tails, nonpolar/hydrophobic (hates water)
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16
Q

Discuss proteins.

A
  • Proteins are long chains of amino acids
  • 20 types of amino acids
  • amino acids links by peptide bonds
  • Short chains of amino acids are “peptides”

Protein structure described in 4 levels:

  1. Primary structure
    - sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary structure
    - weak Hydrogen bonding
    - forms alpha helix shape (more common) or beta pleated sheet shape
  3. Tertiary structure
    - 3D structure forms to stabilize the weak H bonds
    - not very stable; easy to break apart
  4. Quaternary structure
    - put a bunch of 3D shapes together and they bond covalently
17
Q

Discuss nucleic acids.

A
  • made of long chains of nucleotides
  • DNA and RNA
  • DNA
  • contains genetic coding
  • 2 strands of DNA twist to form double helix
  • deoxyribose sugar covalently bonded to 1 of 4 base pairs:
    1. Guanine (G)
    2. Adenine (A)
    3. Cytosine (C)
    4. Thymine (T)

Law of complimentary base pairings:

  • A and T attach to each other via Hydrogen bond
  • G and C attach to each other via Hydrogen bond
RNA
- single-stranded
- Messanger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(all come together to make a protein)
  • ribose sugar bonded to 1 of 4 base pairs:
    1. Guanine (G)
    2. Adenine (A)
    3. Cytosine (C)
    4. Uracil (U)
  • A and U attach to each other
  • G and C attach to each other