Chapter 1: Intro to Human Physiology

Question 1

Define physiology.

Answer 1

Study of how the body works to maintain life.

Study of the function of body structures.

Question 2

Define pathophysiology.

Answer 2

How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.

Question 3

Define/discuss homeostasis.

Answer 3

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy.

• Your body tries to maintain conditions around a physiological set point and will fluctuate above and below that set point;
  i. e. Body temp
• Regulatory mechanisms can be intrinsic (control built into the organ) or extrinsic (control from outside the organ)

Question 4

Define feedback loops

Answer 4

Positive Feedback Loop

• amplifies changes
  ie: Producing blood clots; body is stimulated to produce a blood clot and the more clot that’s produced, the more the body is signaled to clot.

Negative Feedback Loop
(- Used more often in the body)
- Sensor detects deviation from set point
- Integration center decides what to do about it
- Effector carries out a response
ie: Hormone control of blood glucose
- We eat, causing the increase of blood glucose, which causes the body to produce insulin, causing the cellular uptake of glucose to return blood glucose levels to normal (achieving homeostasis), once blood glucose levels return to normal the body stops secreting the insulin

Question 5

Discuss terms and concepts of the scientific method.

Know the order of the 4 steps of the scientific method.

Answer 5

1. Form a testable hypothesis about observations.
2. Conduct and analyze experiments to test hypothesis.
3. Draw conclusions about whether or not the results support hypothesis.
4. Develop a theory.

Question 6

List the organization of structural components of the human body. (Know the order of these - 4.)

Answer 6

1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ Systems

Question 7

List the primary tissues and basic characteristics of each:(4).

Answer 7

1. Muscle Tissue
   
   • skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleate
   • cardiac: striated, involuntary, y-shaped (branched), intercalated discs
   • smooth: NOT striated, involuntary, fusiform shape
2. Nervous Tissue
   
   • Consists of nerve cells, glial cells/supporting cells
   • Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
   • Cell body (contains nucleus), Dendrites (receive signal), Axon (sends signal on to the next cell)
3. Epithelial Tissue
   
   • Lines and covers body surfaces
   • Membranes and Glands
   • Regularly replaced
   • Squamous, columnar, cuboidal
4. Connective Tissue
   
   • connective tissue proper (loose and dense), cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 8

Discuss how tissues form organs and systems.

Answer 8

Tissues: Group of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function.

Organs: Anatomical and functional units made of 2 or more tissues

Systems: Groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis