Chapter 2: Cellular Anatomy Flashcards
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the cell”
Function:
- produce ATP
List the general functions of cells and give an example of each.
Covering: skin cells cover the body
Lining: epithelial cells line internal surface of organs; intestines
Storage: fat cells store energy
Movement: muscles cells allow body to move
Connection: connective tissue like ligaments
Defense: white blood cells attack foreign material
Communication: nerve cells transmit impulses
Reproduction: sex cells (oocytes and sperm), stem cells in marrow continually produce blood cells
List the cellular organelles.
Diagram - Pg. 27
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Lysosome Nucleus Ribosomes (Free and Fixed) Centrosome Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cilia & Flagella Microvilli
What is cytoplasm? And what are the three major parts?
Cytoplasm: General term for all cell contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Major parts:
- Cytosol
- Inclusions
- Organelles
List the functions of the nucleus.
Control center of cell activities:
Controls protein synthesis and directions functional/structural characteristics of the cell.
Contains/controls DNA.
Passive transport. List the 4 types of diffusion and briefly describe each.
Passive transport: diffusion & no energy required.
- Simple diffusion: Small, neutral charge molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
- Osmosis: Water moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: For larger or charged molecules; requires assistance from specific transport proteins for specific molecules to move across plasma membrane.
- Bulk filtration: Both solvents and solutes cross membrane together; forced through because the hydrostatic pressure is high
Active transport. List the 2 types and briefly describe each.
Active transport: requires energy because substances move against the concentrations gradients (from area of low concentration to high concentration)
Ion Pumps: movement of ions across the plasma membrane with a pump. (i.e. sodium-potassium pump)
Bulk transport: movement of large items in (endocytosis) or out (exocytosis) of the cell
Explain endocytosis.
If the cell requires materials from outside the cell they are packaged into a vesicle and brought in.
Explain exocytosis.
Large molecules are secreted from the cell. They are packaged into vesicles which fuse to the plasma membrane and then the materials are released.
Define cytology.
The study of cells
List the 4 common characteristics of cells.
- Obtain nutrients and other materials from it’s surroundings that are essential for survival.
- Dispose of the wastes there produce.
- Shape and integrity.
- Cell division.
What is the cell?
Structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Building blocks of the human body.
Each cell type performs specific functions.
ie - muscle cell contracts, nerve cell sends impulses
What are the 3 basic parts of a human cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
List the differences between active and passive transport.
Passive: no energy/ATP required. Materials go from high concentration to low concentration.
ActiveL requires energy/ATP. Materials move against concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration.
List 5 membrane bound organelles.
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria
List 5 non-membrane bound organelles.
- Ribosomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Centrosomes and centrioles
- Cilia and flagella
- Microvilli
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuation of rough ER.
Functions:
- synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids; steroids
- metabolism of carbs
- detox of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
Liver and Kidneys
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough appearance due to attachment of ribosomes to the outside of the membrane.
Functions:
- synthesize, transport, or store proteins for
- secretion by the cell; creation of lysosomes; inc into
plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
“Shipping and Receiving”
Stacked cistern whose edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles
Function:
- to receive proteins and lipids from rough ER for modification, sorting, and packaging
Lysosomes
“Clean up crew/Garbage collector”
Vesicles generated by the Golgi apparatus
Contain enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell.
Ribosomes
Free or Fixed
Small, dense granules with a small and large subunit
Function:
- protein production
Cytoskeleton
made of filamentous proteins; helps give the cell its shape and coordinates cell movements
Relationship between centrosomes and centrioles
centrosome is a pair of centrioles at right angles to each other.
centriole: 9 sets of microtubule triplets
- function: attach to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration
Cilia and flagella
appendages extending from the surface of some cells.
cilia: usuallt in large #’s, work together to move materials or fluids along surface of cell.
i. e. respiratory tract
flagella: usually single and longer than cilia used to propel the cell.
i. e. sperm
Microvilli
Extensions of cell no capable of movement.
Smaller than cilia.
Function:
- increase surface area to increase food absorption
ie. small intestine
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus.
Function:
- making small and large subunits of ribosomes
Name the 2 types of cell division.
- Mitosis
2. Meiosis
Relationship between chromatin and chromosomes
Chromatin: When cell is not dividing, DNA is unwound in filaments
Chromosome: During cell division chromatin coils tightly to form chromosomes
Plasma membrane
Forms the outer barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external materials.
Composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
The Cell cycle and mitosis. What are the phases of Mitosis? Briefly describe each.
- Interphase: Making of cell components needed for cell division (like DNA)
* 2. Prophase: Chromatin coils and chromosomes appear; nucleolus breaks down; spindle fibers form from centrioles; centrioles move toward opposite poles; nuclear envelope breaks down
* 3. Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes; chromosomes align at equatorial plate of the cell
* 4. Anaphase: Centromeres held by chromatid pairs separate; each sister chromatid is now a chromosome with its own centromere; sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell; cytokinesis begins
* 5. Telophase: chromosomes uncoil; nucleolus reforms within each nucleus; spindle fibers breakdown and disappear; new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis continues - Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow pinches at the equator and the cytoplasm is split in half. The mother cell becomes 2 daughter cells that are identical the mother cell.
List the 5 characteristics that are common to living things.
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Growth and Development
- Responsiveness
- Reproduction
