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Undeleted > Chapter 2: Cellular Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Powerhouse of the cell”

Function:
- produce ATP

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2
Q

List the general functions of cells and give an example of each.

A

Covering: skin cells cover the body
Lining: epithelial cells line internal surface of organs; intestines
Storage: fat cells store energy
Movement: muscles cells allow body to move
Connection: connective tissue like ligaments
Defense: white blood cells attack foreign material
Communication: nerve cells transmit impulses
Reproduction: sex cells (oocytes and sperm), stem cells in marrow continually produce blood cells

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3
Q

List the cellular organelles.

Diagram - Pg. 27

A 
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Nucleus
Ribosomes (Free and Fixed)
Centrosome
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Cilia & Flagella
Microvilli
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4
Q

What is cytoplasm? And what are the three major parts?

A

Cytoplasm: General term for all cell contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Major parts:

  1. Cytosol
  2. Inclusions
  3. Organelles
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5
Q

List the functions of the nucleus.

A

Control center of cell activities:
Controls protein synthesis and directions functional/structural characteristics of the cell.
Contains/controls DNA.

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6
Q

Passive transport. List the 4 types of diffusion and briefly describe each.

A

Passive transport: diffusion & no energy required.

  1. Simple diffusion: Small, neutral charge molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
  2. Osmosis: Water moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
  3. Facilitated diffusion: For larger or charged molecules; requires assistance from specific transport proteins for specific molecules to move across plasma membrane.
  4. Bulk filtration: Both solvents and solutes cross membrane together; forced through because the hydrostatic pressure is high
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7
Q

Active transport. List the 2 types and briefly describe each.

A

Active transport: requires energy because substances move against the concentrations gradients (from area of low concentration to high concentration)

Ion Pumps: movement of ions across the plasma membrane with a pump. (i.e. sodium-potassium pump)

Bulk transport: movement of large items in (endocytosis) or out (exocytosis) of the cell

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8
Q

Explain endocytosis.

A

If the cell requires materials from outside the cell they are packaged into a vesicle and brought in.

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9
Q

Explain exocytosis.

A

Large molecules are secreted from the cell. They are packaged into vesicles which fuse to the plasma membrane and then the materials are released.

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10
Q

Define cytology.

A

The study of cells

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11
Q

List the 4 common characteristics of cells.

A
  1. Obtain nutrients and other materials from it’s surroundings that are essential for survival.
  2. Dispose of the wastes there produce.
  3. Shape and integrity.
  4. Cell division.
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12
Q

What is the cell?

A

Structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Building blocks of the human body.
Each cell type performs specific functions.
ie - muscle cell contracts, nerve cell sends impulses

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13
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a human cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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14
Q

List the differences between active and passive transport.

A

Passive: no energy/ATP required. Materials go from high concentration to low concentration.

ActiveL requires energy/ATP. Materials move against concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration.

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15
Q

List 5 membrane bound organelles.

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Golgi apparatus
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Peroxisomes
  5. Mitochondria
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16
Q

List 5 non-membrane bound organelles.

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Centrosomes and centrioles
  4. Cilia and flagella
  5. Microvilli
17
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Continuation of rough ER.

Functions:

  • synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids; steroids
  • metabolism of carbs
  • detox of drugs, alcohol, and poisons

Liver and Kidneys

18
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough appearance due to attachment of ribosomes to the outside of the membrane.

Functions:
- synthesize, transport, or store proteins for
- secretion by the cell; creation of lysosomes; inc into
plasma membrane

19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

“Shipping and Receiving”

Stacked cistern whose edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles

Function:
- to receive proteins and lipids from rough ER for modification, sorting, and packaging

20
Q

Lysosomes

A

“Clean up crew/Garbage collector”

Vesicles generated by the Golgi apparatus

Contain enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell.

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Free or Fixed

Small, dense granules with a small and large subunit

Function:
- protein production

22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of filamentous proteins; helps give the cell its shape and coordinates cell movements

23
Q

Relationship between centrosomes and centrioles

A

centrosome is a pair of centrioles at right angles to each other.

centriole: 9 sets of microtubule triplets
- function: attach to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration

24
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

appendages extending from the surface of some cells.

cilia: usuallt in large #’s, work together to move materials or fluids along surface of cell.
i. e. respiratory tract

flagella: usually single and longer than cilia used to propel the cell.
i. e. sperm

25
Q

Microvilli

A

Extensions of cell no capable of movement.
Smaller than cilia.
Function:
- increase surface area to increase food absorption
ie. small intestine

26
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside nucleus.
Function:
- making small and large subunits of ribosomes

27
Q

Name the 2 types of cell division.

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

28
Q

Relationship between chromatin and chromosomes

A

Chromatin: When cell is not dividing, DNA is unwound in filaments

Chromosome: During cell division chromatin coils tightly to form chromosomes

29
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms the outer barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external materials.
Composed of the phospholipid bilayer.

30
Q

The Cell cycle and mitosis. What are the phases of Mitosis? Briefly describe each.

A
  1. Interphase: Making of cell components needed for cell division (like DNA)
    * 2. Prophase: Chromatin coils and chromosomes appear; nucleolus breaks down; spindle fibers form from centrioles; centrioles move toward opposite poles; nuclear envelope breaks down
    * 3. Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes; chromosomes align at equatorial plate of the cell
    * 4. Anaphase: Centromeres held by chromatid pairs separate; each sister chromatid is now a chromosome with its own centromere; sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell; cytokinesis begins
    * 5. Telophase: chromosomes uncoil; nucleolus reforms within each nucleus; spindle fibers breakdown and disappear; new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis continues
  2. Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow pinches at the equator and the cytoplasm is split in half. The mother cell becomes 2 daughter cells that are identical the mother cell.
31
Q

List the 5 characteristics that are common to living things.

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth and Development
  4. Responsiveness
  5. Reproduction

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