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Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 8: Worms > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Worms Flashcards

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1
Q

____ refers to loosely elongated, bilateral invertebrate animals without appendages

A

Worms

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2
Q

How many phyla of worms have acoelomate bodies?

A

2 phyla

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3
Q

What is the Parenchymas function and where does it lie?

A

It is a packaging tissue and lies between the epidermis and digestive cavity lining of acoelomate worms

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4
Q

How many digestive spaces do acoelomate worms have?

A

one

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5
Q

What are worms called that have a fake coelum?

A

Pseudocoelomate

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6
Q

What makes a pseudocoelomate worm?

A

The cavity is not Completely lined with mesoderm

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7
Q

What are the functions of pseudocoelum?

A

Provides space for expansion of organs
Water storage

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8
Q

Many pseudocoelomate worms lack a what

A

true circulatory system

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9
Q

Which two phyla are aceolomate?

A

Xenoturbellida and Acoelomorpha

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10
Q

Describe Xenoturbellida

A

Very large, found in deep sea, thick epidermis, subepidermal nerve net

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11
Q

How do Xenoturbellida reproduce?

A

Sexually

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12
Q

Describe Acoelomorpha

A

tiny worms, marine and brackish habitats, free living

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13
Q

Xenocoelomorpha are not ______. But all organisms for the rest of the semester are

A

bilaterians

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14
Q

Protostomia are divided into 2 large _____

A

clades

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15
Q

What are the two clades Protostomia are divided into?

A

Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa

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16
Q

Ecdysozoa members possess a ____.

A

Cuticle, which can be molted

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17
Q

What is an example of Ecdysozoa?

A

Crabs

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18
Q

Most Lophotrochozoans contain a ___.

A

Lophophore

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19
Q

What is a Lophophore?

A

a horseshoe-shaped feeding structure

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20
Q

What is ancestral for Lophotochozoans?

A

Trochophore larvae

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21
Q

What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea, Cestoda

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22
Q

What is another name for Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

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23
Q

_____ is the non-parasitic form of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Turbellarians

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24
Q

What do Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda have in common?

A

They are all parasites

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25
Q

What does Turbellaria contain?

A

Free-living flatworms

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26
Q

Where are Turbellaria found?

A

Bottom-dwellers of marine or freshwater or moist places on land

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27
Q

Most monogeneans are ____ meaning they are found on the surface of animals

A

ectoparasites

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28
Q

What are rhabdites? What is their function

A

Rod-shaped structures in Turbellarians. They swell to form a protective mucous sheath around the body

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29
Q

Many Turbellarians have ____-____ adhesive organs

A

dual-gland

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30
Q

What do dual-gland adhesive organs do

A

Enable quicker attachment and detachment from surfaces

31
Q

What are the 3 cell types contained in dual-gland adhesive organs?

A

Viscid gland cells, Releasing gland cells, anchor cells

32
Q

What do viscid gland cells do?

A

Fasten microvilli of anchor cells to substrate

33
Q

What do releasing cells do?

A

Provide quick, chemical detaching mechanism

34
Q

What are parenchyma cells? Function?

A

Form a meshwork that fills space between muscles and organs; noncontractile

35
Q

Explain the digestion of Turbellarians

A

Have a Muscular Pharynx that can extend through the mouth. Intestine provides digestive enzymes, from the pharynx food gets sucked into here for intracellular digestion

36
Q

What is an exception to the Turbellarians digestive system?

A

tapeworms do not have a digestive system; they absorb nutrients pre-digested by the host

37
Q

Explain the digestion of Turbellarians

A

Have a Muscular Pharynx that can extend through the mouth. Intestine provides digestive enzymes, from the pharynx food gets sucked into here for intracellular digestion

38
Q

The osmoregulatory system in Turbellarians ends in what?

A

flame cells

39
Q

What is another name for flame cells

A

Protonephridia

40
Q

What is the function of Protonephridia/ flame cells?

A

To draw fluid through tubules to collecting ducts and use pores to release excess water and wastes from body

41
Q

True/False: Turbellarians do not have cephalization

A

False, they do have cephalization

42
Q

Describe the varieties of nervous systems of Turbellarians

A

Simple: have subepidermal nerve plexus (similar to nerve net in cnidarians)

Some species: have subepidermal nerve plexus and 1-5 pairs of nerve cords that resemble a ladder

43
Q

What is the brain also called?

A

cerebral ganglia

44
Q

A mass of cells arising from nerve cords is the ___.

A

brain

45
Q

What are the types of neurons found in the nervous system of Turbellarians?

A

sensory, motor, association

46
Q

What are the earlike structures on the sides of the head called?

A

auricles

47
Q

What are ocelli?

A

Light sensitive eyespots common in turbellarians

48
Q

Some also have ____ for equilibrium and ____ for a sense of water current direction

A

statocysts; rheoreceptors

49
Q

Most Turbellarians are diecious/monoecious

A

monoecious

50
Q

True/False: Turbellarians only reproduce asexually

A

False, most produce sexually and asexually

51
Q

What is an example of internal fertilization

A

Penis fencing

52
Q

Explain the structural adaptations of parasitism

A

Penetration glands, organs for attachment (suckers & hooks) increased reproductive capacity

53
Q

How many subclasses of Trematoda are there? What is the understood subclass?

A

3; Digenea

54
Q

What are the two major components of Subclass Digenea’s life cycle

A

Intermediate and Definitive hosts

55
Q

What is the intermediate host?

A

The first host ( may be 2 or 3 of them) Ex. mollusc

56
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

The final host; is one where the parasite reproduces sexually Ex. vertebrate

57
Q

Where are the places that Digenea inhabit?

A

Digestive tract, Respiratory tract, Circulatory system, Urinary tract, reproductive tract

58
Q

What is the order of stages in the Digenea’s complex life cycle

A

Adult → Egg→ Miracidium→ Sporocyst→ Redia→ Cercaria→ Metacercaria

59
Q

What must occur for the shelled embryo/egg to develop?

A

It must reach water

60
Q

What happens when the egg reaches water?

A

It hatches and develops into miracidium, a free-swimming ciliated larva

61
Q

What must the miracidium do to develop?

A

Penetrate the tissue of snail

62
Q

What happens when the miracidium penetrates the tissue of a snail?

A

It transforms into a sporocyst

63
Q

What does a sporocyst then do?

A

Reproduces asexually to form more of itself or goes on to produce Rediae

64
Q

What does the Rediae then do?

A

Reproduces asexually to produce more of itself or goes on to produce Cercariae

65
Q

What does the Cercariae then do?

A

Penetrates 2nd intermediate host or encysts on vegetation and becomes metacercariae

66
Q

What happens to Metacercariae?

A

They are eaten by the definitive host (humans) and grow into adults

67
Q

Describe the appearance of Phylum Gastrotricha

A

Bristly or scaly, found in freshwater/marine habitats, Hermaphroditic

68
Q

What is nonfunctional in many freshwater species of Gastrotricha?

A

Male reproductive system

69
Q

How do Gastrotricha reproduce?

A

Parthenogenesis, where the zygote forms from an unfertilized egg (Asexual)

70
Q

What is another name for Phylum Chaetognatha?

A

Arrow worms

71
Q

Phylum Chaetognatha are adapted for a ____ existence

A

planktonic

72
Q

Phylum Chaetognatha are considered ___ because they can dart forward in swift spurts

A

drifters

73
Q

What are some characteristics of Phylum Chaetognatha?

A

Unsegmented body, complete digestive system, well developed coelom, hermaphroditic

74
Q

What does Phylum Chaetognatha lack?

A

respiratory or excretory systems

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

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