Chapter 16: Fishes Flashcards
As an adaptation in water fish have a ____ body
streamlined
Buoyancy regulation is controlled via a ____ in fishes.
Swim bladder
Fish have complex organs for what?
salt and water exchange
____ are the most effective respiratory devices in the animal kingdom
Gills
An example of complex organ systems in fish is the ____
lateral line system
What are the 5 major groups of fishes?
Hagfish, Lampreys, Cartilaginous fishes, Ray-finned (Cartilagenous) and lobe-finned (Cartilagenous)
The earliest species of fish were ____. Which include extant ____ and ____.
Agnathans; hagfishes and lampreys
Agnathans lack a ___.
Jaw
All remain extant fishes are considered _____.
Gnathostomata
All extant fishes except agnathans have what structures?
Paired appendages and jaws
Gnathostomata is divided into two subgroups, what are they?
Osteichthyes & Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii contains ____ fishes
ray-finned
Sarcopterygii contains _____ and _____
lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods
Two clades of living jawless fishes are?
Hagfishes and Lampreys
Jawless fishes lack what? (4)
Jaws, Internal Ossification, Scales, and Paired Fins
What body form do Living Jawless Fishes have?
Eel-like
Hagfishes are also called ___.
Myxini
Myxini (Hagfishes) are entirely ____.
marine
What is unique about Hagfishes (Myxini)
They generate enormous amounts of slime
____ in Hagfishes is a mystery
Reproduction
Describe the vision of Hagfish
Almost completely blind (live in dark water so no need for well developed vision)
Lampreys are also called ______.
Petromyontida
Why is the sea lamprey infamous?
It is native to the Atlantic Ocean but became invasive and destructive in the Great Lakes
True/False: All Lamprey species are parasitic
No only half
The 12 species of North American lamprey that are not parasitic are called _____ lampreys
brook lampreys
What is unique about brook lampreys?
Do not feed after metamorphosis and breed only once (semelparous)
What is the larval form of Sea Lampreys?
Ammocoetes
Describe the life cycle of Sea Lampreys
Adults reproduce in streams where Ammocoetes are formed. Ammocoetes then metamorphose into adults and migrate into lakes
Cartilaginous fishes are also called _____.
Chondrichthyes
What organisms are considered Chondrichthyes?
Sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras
What is the defining feature of Chondrichthyes?
Cartilaginous skeleton
Chondrichthyes’ anatomy does not contain ____, but contains ____.
bone; phosphatized minerals
Sharks, Skates and Rays belong to the Chrondrichthyes subclass ____.
Elasmobranchii
Most Elsmobranchii contain a ____ behind each eye
spiracle
Describe the Tail of Elasmobranchii…. What is it called?
Heterocercal Tail; asymmetrical, vertebral column extends into tail
What are Placoid scales? Function?
Reduce turbulence of water flowing over body surface
____ are a modified version of Placoid scales
Teeth
The lateral line system is made up of ____.
mechanoreceptors
Describe “Ampullae of Lorenzini”
Electroreceptors that allow Elasmobranchii to detect bioelectric fields that surround all animals
Claspers are a modified portion of what?
Pelvic fin
What is the function of claspers?
Deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
Describe reproduction in Elasmobranchii
All Internal; claspers on male deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Oviparity?
Some sharks and all skates
What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Viviparity?
Rays and many sharks
What are the 2 types of Viviparity that Elasmobranchii demonstrate?
Ovoviviparity and Placental Viviparity
Some species that demonstrate Placental Viviparity also participate in uterine cannibalism. What is this process?
Embryos consume siblings in utero
____ refers to the clade that contains Bony Fishes and Tetrapods
Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes contains ____ (percent) of all living fishes and tetrapods
96%
List the uniting features of organisms in clade Osteichthyes
Endochondral bone, Lungs/swim bladder, several cranial and dental characters
What is Endochondral Bone?
Bone that replaces cartilage during development
What are the two clades of Bony Fishes
Actinopeterygii and Sarcopterygii
What is included in Actinopeterygii?
Ray-finned fishes (Teleosts)
Most species/living vertebrates are considered ____
teleosts
What is included in Sarcopterygii (specific)
Lobe finned fishes; 8 species; 2 Coelacanths and 6 Lungfishes
List and Describe Adaptations that contributed to bony fish diversification (2)
Operculum- covers gills, composed of bony plates, attached to muscles, and pump water across gills
Swim Bladder- gas-filled pouch, provides additional gas exchange in water with low Oxygen, buoyancy regulation
What are the 3 groups of Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes) and what species make them up?
Cladistia- Bichirs
Chondrosteans- Strugeons and Paddlefishes
Neopterygians- Teleosts; 96% of all living fishes
Around How many species comprise Actinopterygii?
Over 31,000
An Adaptation of Teleosts is ____ and ____ scales
cycloid and ctenoid
What do Cycloid and Ctenoid scales do?
Enable increased speed and mobility
Teleosts have a ___ tail and fins which allows for ____ (2 things)
Homocercal; precise steering and powerful swimming
Modified forms of the Homocercal tail allow for what?
Communication, Protection, Camouflage, Attachment
Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for camouflage
Leafy Sea Dragons
Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for attachment
Lump Sucker Fish
What adaptation of Teleosts relates to feeding
Suction feeding, rapid expansion of the orobranchial cavity creates low pressure and draws in water and prey
What is the ancestor of Tetrapods?
An extinct Sarcopterygian
Describe the size and lifespan of the Australian lungfish
up to 1.5 meters long and up to 100 lbs, once lived to 80yrs
What are the feeding habits of the Australian lungfish
Omnivorous, crush plants and invertebrates with fan shaped teeth
Describe Respiration of Australian lungfish
Well-devloped gills, Single lunged and Facultative air breather
The Australian lungfish is a Facultative air breather. What does this mean?
They have the ability to breathe air but do not need to
How long can the Australian lungfish survive out of water?
Only short periods of time
What is in common between South American and African Lungfishes
paired lungs, reduced scales, eel-like bodies, consume hard and soft foods, threadlike paired fins with reduced internal skeletons
What is unique about the African Lungfishes compared to other species?
Live in all African Continent except driest regions and demonstrate Estivation
What is Estivation
Physiological and behavioral mechanisms that allow animals to survive extended drought
How does an African Lungfish survive out of water for so long?
They dig a burrow into mud and coat themselves in mucus to avoid drought , overtime if necessary they can consume themselves (muscles) and decrease their metabolic rate to survive this way for years
Extant coelocanths are referred to as what?
living fossils
Coelacanths contain a specialized electroreceptive organ in their snout called?
Rostral organ
What type of reproduction form do coelacanths demonstrate
Viviparity
What is difficult about observing coelacanths?
They are noctural; living in underwater caves during the day and only coming out at night in depths of 65- several hundred meters
How do coelacanths move?
Move pectoral and pelvic fins in diagonal pairs similar to how tetrapods move on land
Coelacanths are the other living vertebrates with a ____ skull
jointed
What is the environmental status of Coelacanths
Critically Endangered
