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Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 16: Fishes > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Fishes Flashcards

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1
Q

As an adaptation in water fish have a ____ body

A

streamlined

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2
Q

Buoyancy regulation is controlled via a ____ in fishes.

A

Swim bladder

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3
Q

Fish have complex organs for what?

A

salt and water exchange

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4
Q

____ are the most effective respiratory devices in the animal kingdom

A

Gills

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5
Q

An example of complex organ systems in fish is the ____

A

lateral line system

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6
Q

What are the 5 major groups of fishes?

A

Hagfish, Lampreys, Cartilaginous fishes, Ray-finned (Cartilagenous) and lobe-finned (Cartilagenous)

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7
Q

The earliest species of fish were ____. Which include extant ____ and ____.

A

Agnathans; hagfishes and lampreys

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8
Q

Agnathans lack a ___.

A

Jaw

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9
Q

All remain extant fishes are considered _____.

A

Gnathostomata

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10
Q

All extant fishes except agnathans have what structures?

A

Paired appendages and jaws

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11
Q

Gnathostomata is divided into two subgroups, what are they?

A

Osteichthyes & Chondrichthyes

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12
Q

Actinopterygii contains ____ fishes

A

ray-finned

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13
Q

Sarcopterygii contains _____ and _____

A

lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods

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14
Q

Two clades of living jawless fishes are?

A

Hagfishes and Lampreys

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15
Q

Jawless fishes lack what? (4)

A

Jaws, Internal Ossification, Scales, and Paired Fins

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16
Q

What body form do Living Jawless Fishes have?

A

Eel-like

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17
Q

Hagfishes are also called ___.

A

Myxini

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18
Q

Myxini (Hagfishes) are entirely ____.

A

marine

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19
Q

What is unique about Hagfishes (Myxini)

A

They generate enormous amounts of slime

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20
Q

____ in Hagfishes is a mystery

A

Reproduction

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21
Q

Describe the vision of Hagfish

A

Almost completely blind (live in dark water so no need for well developed vision)

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22
Q

Lampreys are also called ______.

A

Petromyontida

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23
Q

Why is the sea lamprey infamous?

A

It is native to the Atlantic Ocean but became invasive and destructive in the Great Lakes

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24
Q

True/False: All Lamprey species are parasitic

A

No only half

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25
Q

The 12 species of North American lamprey that are not parasitic are called _____ lampreys

A

brook lampreys

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26
Q

What is unique about brook lampreys?

A

Do not feed after metamorphosis and breed only once (semelparous)

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27
Q

What is the larval form of Sea Lampreys?

A

Ammocoetes

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28
Q

Describe the life cycle of Sea Lampreys

A

Adults reproduce in streams where Ammocoetes are formed. Ammocoetes then metamorphose into adults and migrate into lakes

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29
Q

Cartilaginous fishes are also called _____.

A

Chondrichthyes

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30
Q

What organisms are considered Chondrichthyes?

A

Sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras

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31
Q

What is the defining feature of Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton

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32
Q

Chondrichthyes’ anatomy does not contain ____, but contains ____.

A

bone; phosphatized minerals

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33
Q

Sharks, Skates and Rays belong to the Chrondrichthyes subclass ____.

A

Elasmobranchii

34
Q

Most Elsmobranchii contain a ____ behind each eye

A

spiracle

35
Q

Describe the Tail of Elasmobranchii…. What is it called?

A

Heterocercal Tail; asymmetrical, vertebral column extends into tail

36
Q

What are Placoid scales? Function?

A

Reduce turbulence of water flowing over body surface

37
Q

____ are a modified version of Placoid scales

A

Teeth

38
Q

The lateral line system is made up of ____.

A

mechanoreceptors

39
Q

Describe “Ampullae of Lorenzini”

A

Electroreceptors that allow Elasmobranchii to detect bioelectric fields that surround all animals

40
Q

Claspers are a modified portion of what?

A

Pelvic fin

41
Q

What is the function of claspers?

A

Deliver sperm into female reproductive tract

42
Q

Describe reproduction in Elasmobranchii

A

All Internal; claspers on male deliver sperm into female reproductive tract

43
Q

What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Oviparity?

A

Some sharks and all skates

44
Q

What Elasmobranchii demonstrate Viviparity?

A

Rays and many sharks

45
Q

What are the 2 types of Viviparity that Elasmobranchii demonstrate?

A

Ovoviviparity and Placental Viviparity

46
Q

Some species that demonstrate Placental Viviparity also participate in uterine cannibalism. What is this process?

A

Embryos consume siblings in utero

47
Q

____ refers to the clade that contains Bony Fishes and Tetrapods

A

Osteichthyes

48
Q

Osteichthyes contains ____ (percent) of all living fishes and tetrapods

A

96%

49
Q

List the uniting features of organisms in clade Osteichthyes

A

Endochondral bone, Lungs/swim bladder, several cranial and dental characters

50
Q

What is Endochondral Bone?

A

Bone that replaces cartilage during development

51
Q

What are the two clades of Bony Fishes

A

Actinopeterygii and Sarcopterygii

52
Q

What is included in Actinopeterygii?

A

Ray-finned fishes (Teleosts)

53
Q

Most species/living vertebrates are considered ____

A

teleosts

54
Q

What is included in Sarcopterygii (specific)

A

Lobe finned fishes; 8 species; 2 Coelacanths and 6 Lungfishes

55
Q

List and Describe Adaptations that contributed to bony fish diversification (2)

A

Operculum- covers gills, composed of bony plates, attached to muscles, and pump water across gills
Swim Bladder- gas-filled pouch, provides additional gas exchange in water with low Oxygen, buoyancy regulation

56
Q

What are the 3 groups of Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes) and what species make them up?

A

Cladistia- Bichirs
Chondrosteans- Strugeons and Paddlefishes
Neopterygians- Teleosts; 96% of all living fishes

57
Q

Around How many species comprise Actinopterygii?

A

Over 31,000

58
Q

An Adaptation of Teleosts is ____ and ____ scales

A

cycloid and ctenoid

59
Q

What do Cycloid and Ctenoid scales do?

A

Enable increased speed and mobility

60
Q

Teleosts have a ___ tail and fins which allows for ____ (2 things)

A

Homocercal; precise steering and powerful swimming

61
Q

Modified forms of the Homocercal tail allow for what?

A

Communication, Protection, Camouflage, Attachment

62
Q

Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for camouflage

A

Leafy Sea Dragons

63
Q

Provide an example of a Teleost species that uses their Homocercal tail for attachment

A

Lump Sucker Fish

64
Q

What adaptation of Teleosts relates to feeding

A

Suction feeding, rapid expansion of the orobranchial cavity creates low pressure and draws in water and prey

65
Q

What is the ancestor of Tetrapods?

A

An extinct Sarcopterygian

66
Q

Describe the size and lifespan of the Australian lungfish

A

up to 1.5 meters long and up to 100 lbs, once lived to 80yrs

67
Q

What are the feeding habits of the Australian lungfish

A

Omnivorous, crush plants and invertebrates with fan shaped teeth

68
Q

Describe Respiration of Australian lungfish

A

Well-devloped gills, Single lunged and Facultative air breather

69
Q

The Australian lungfish is a Facultative air breather. What does this mean?

A

They have the ability to breathe air but do not need to

70
Q

How long can the Australian lungfish survive out of water?

A

Only short periods of time

71
Q

What is in common between South American and African Lungfishes

A

paired lungs, reduced scales, eel-like bodies, consume hard and soft foods, threadlike paired fins with reduced internal skeletons

72
Q

What is unique about the African Lungfishes compared to other species?

A

Live in all African Continent except driest regions and demonstrate Estivation

73
Q

What is Estivation

A

Physiological and behavioral mechanisms that allow animals to survive extended drought

74
Q

How does an African Lungfish survive out of water for so long?

A

They dig a burrow into mud and coat themselves in mucus to avoid drought , overtime if necessary they can consume themselves (muscles) and decrease their metabolic rate to survive this way for years

75
Q

Extant coelocanths are referred to as what?

A

living fossils

76
Q

Coelacanths contain a specialized electroreceptive organ in their snout called?

A

Rostral organ

77
Q

What type of reproduction form do coelacanths demonstrate

A

Viviparity

78
Q

What is difficult about observing coelacanths?

A

They are noctural; living in underwater caves during the day and only coming out at night in depths of 65- several hundred meters

79
Q

How do coelacanths move?

A

Move pectoral and pelvic fins in diagonal pairs similar to how tetrapods move on land

80
Q

Coelacanths are the other living vertebrates with a ____ skull

A

jointed

81
Q

What is the environmental status of Coelacanths

A

Critically Endangered

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

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