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Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 7: Cnidarians and Ctenophores > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cnidarians and Ctenophores Flashcards

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1
Q

There are over ___ species of Phylum Cnidaria

A

900

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2
Q

Where can you find Phylum Cnidaria?

A

Marina habitats; some freshwater

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3
Q

A ____ is a unique defining feature of cnidarians.

A

cnidocyte

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4
Q

What is the function of a cnidocyte?

A

Plays central role in prey capture and defense

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5
Q

Each cnidocyte houses a ____ which is a fluid-filled membraneous capsule containing a long tubular invitation.

A

cnida

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6
Q

How many types of cnida are there?

A

3 types

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7
Q

The most common type of cnida is called a _____.

A

nematocyst

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8
Q

What is on the surface of a nematocyst?

A

spines or barbs

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9
Q

When a Cnidocyte is stimulated what happens?

A

A nematocyst tubule everts explosively out of the cell

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10
Q

What does the nematocyst tubule do when it has been expelled?

A

Penetrates skin or surface and releases toxins that sting and/or trigger paralysis.

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11
Q

The trigger for a nematocyst tubule to fire is called ____.

A

cnidocil

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12
Q

Cnidocil is a type of ____

A

mechanoreceptor

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13
Q

Where are Cnidarians most abundant?

A

Shallow marine habitats especially in tropical regions and warm areas

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14
Q

True/False: Humans commonly consume Cnidarians

A

False: they are food for other animals but rarely for humans

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15
Q

What are some importances of Cnidarians?

A

Reef-building corals
Provide substantial food for humans
Ecotourism
Jewelry and ornaments
Coral rock used for sculptures and buildings

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16
Q

Cnidarians are ____ meaning they have two morphological types

A

Dimorphic

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17
Q

What are the two morphological types of Cnidarians?

A

Polyp and Medusa

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18
Q

Describe the lifestyle of a polyp?

A

Sedentary or sessile (does not move around)

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19
Q

Describe the lifestyle of a medusa?

A

Floating or free-swimming

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20
Q

Describe the oral end of a polyp

A

Mouth surrounded by tentacles
Leads to blind gut

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21
Q

describe the aboral end of a polyp

A

Attached to substrate; via pedal disc

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22
Q

What type of reproduction does a polyp do?

A

Asexual: Budding, Fission,

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23
Q

A unique form of asexual reproduction in polyps is the laceration of the ____ ____. Describe this process

A

Pelvic disc; torn tissue will be broken off and develop into tiny new polyps

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24
Q

What type of specific symmetry does a medusa have? What overall symmetry?

A

Tetramerous; raidial

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25
Q

What does tetramerous mean?

A

Body parts are arranged in 4’s

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26
Q

On a medusa, the mouth is centered on the ____ side

A

concave

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27
Q

Where are the tentacles on a medusa?

A

They extend from the rim of the bell

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28
Q

True/False: Colonial Polpys can move with the help of ocean currents

A

False: they are permanently attached to wherever they began to form

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29
Q

How do hydras/anemones move?

A

Gliding on their pedal disc

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30
Q

True/False: Medusae move freely

A

True: they have the easiest time moving

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31
Q

Medusae are monoecious/dioecious

A

Dioecious (have either male or female sex cells)

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32
Q

Name the types of digestion a cnidarian performs and describe them

A

Extracellular- enzymes are secreted by gland cells in the cavity
Intracellular- nutritive-muscular cells phagocytize food particles

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33
Q

____ cells remove undigested particles that are eventually expelled from the body.

A

Ameboid

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34
Q

How many layers in the body wall of a hydra composed of? What are they?

A

2; epidermis and gastrodermis

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35
Q

Which layer is the epidermis

A

the outer layer

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36
Q

What lies between the layers of the body wall

A

Mesoglea

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37
Q

Describe the Mesoglea

A

Gelatinous extracellular matrix
Thicker in medusae

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38
Q

What cells make up the gastrodermis (4)

A

Nutritive-muscular cells, interstitial cells, gland cells, cnidocytes

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39
Q

Nutritive-muscular cells contain ____ and form the _____ layer.

A

myofibrils; muscular

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40
Q

The gastrodermis also contains a _____ skeleton.

A

hydrostatic

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41
Q

What is the function of the hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Increases the volume of water in the gastrovascular cavity

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42
Q

What is special about interstitial cells?

A

They are undifferentiated stem cells and can transform into other cell types

43
Q

What do gland cells do?

A

secrete digestive enzymes

44
Q

What cells make up the epidermis? (6)

A

epitheliomuscular cells, interstitial cells, gland cells, cnidocytes, sensory cells, nerve cells

45
Q

Epitheliomuscular cells form most of the ____.

A

epidermis

46
Q

What are the functions of epitheliomuscular cells?

A

cover body, muscle contraction

47
Q

What do sensory cells do?

A

synapse with nerve cells

48
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

A

Form synapses with sensory cells and other nerve cells
Respond to stimuli

49
Q

Where is a nerve net located?

A

base of epidermis and gastrodermis

50
Q

What are the 6 classes of Cnidaria?

A

Anthozoa, Myxozoa, Staurozoa, Scuphozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa

51
Q

Most class hydrozoa organisms are in ____ and ____ form

A

marine; colonial

52
Q

What are the stages of class hydrozoa?

A

asexual polyp and sexual medusa

53
Q

What is the exception to class hydrozoa in terms of reproductive forms?

A

Hydra; does not have a medusa stage

54
Q

What are statocysts? Where are they located?

A

Small organs of equlibrium; on the bell of a hydrozoan

55
Q

What are ocelli?

A

Light sensitive organs

56
Q

What is an example of a Siphonophore Hydrozoan?

A

The Portuguese Man-of-War

57
Q

What is unique about the Portuguese Man-of-War?

A

They have a modified polyp that is an air sac filled with secreted gas

58
Q

Class Scyphozoa are also called ____ ____.

A

true jellies

59
Q

What is an example of Class Scyphozoa?

A

The Lion’s mane jellyfish

60
Q

What are the different bell shapes present in Class Scyphozoa?

A

shallow saucer, helmet, goblet

61
Q

The ____ in Class Scyphozoa is the sense organ.

A

Rhopalium

62
Q

Each Rhopalium in Class Scyphozoa has a ____ (sense organ) that aids in balance.

A

statocyst

63
Q

Some Rhopalium in Class Scyphozoa has a ____ which is a simple photoreceptor.

A

ocellus

64
Q

True/False: As Scyphozoans develop they have no parental care and develop in the seawater

A

True; parents do not care for offspring

65
Q

In Scyphozoans planula larva will develop into a ____.

A

scyphistoma

66
Q

Describe a scyphistoma

A

Hyrda-like form

67
Q

The process by which a ephyrae becomes a strobila is called ____.

A

strobilization

68
Q

What happens to an ephyrae when they break free?

A

They grow into mature jellies

69
Q

True/False: Class Staurozoa do not have a medusa phase.

A

True

70
Q

Describe the anatomy of a Staurozoan

A

Stalked body, basal adhesive disc that can attach to substrate with clusters of nematocysts

71
Q

What type of reproduction does Class Staurozoa do?

A

Sexual

72
Q

The predominant body form of Class Cubozoa is a ____.

A

medusa

73
Q

Describe the shape of the bell in class Cubozoa

A

Box shaped

74
Q

Rhopalia are sensory structures in Class Cubozoa that contain what?

A

6 eyes each

75
Q

What is the main food of Class Cubozoa?

A

fish

76
Q

Some species of Class Cubozoa exhibit complex _____ ____. Such as ( EX.)

A

Mating Behaviors; males pass spermatophores to female for fertilization

77
Q

What is an example of Class Cubozoa that is found in Austrialia

A

Irikanji jellyfish

78
Q

How many species make up Class Myxozoa?

A

2180+ species

79
Q

Class Myxozoa is made up of ____ _____.

A

obligate parasites

80
Q

What are the two aquatic hosts for Class Myxozoa?

A

Fish and Annelid worms

81
Q

What is bad about Class Myxozoa? (Economic Impact)

A

They damage commercially valuable fish

82
Q

What happens to a fish infected by Class Myxozoa?

A

They contract whirling disease which causes deformities and decreases the ability to swim.

83
Q

Class Anthozoa are also called what?

A

flower animals

84
Q

Do Class Anthozoa have a medusa stage?

A

No

85
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of Anthozoa?

A

Zoantharia/Hexocorallia, Ceriantipatharia, Octocorallia

86
Q

What are examples of Zoantharia/Hexocorallia?

A

sea anemones, hard corals

87
Q

Zoantharia/Hexocorallia have a ____ body plan meaning they are based on 6 or multiples of 6.

A

Hexamerous

88
Q

What are example of Ceriantipatharia?

A

Tube anemones and Thorny corals

89
Q

What are examples of Octocorallia?

A

Soft corals (sea pens, sea fans, sea pansies)

90
Q

Octocorallia are ____ meaning they are built on a plan of 8.

A

octomerous

91
Q

Zoantharian Corals live in what?

A

calcareous cups made of calcium carbonate

92
Q

Gastrovascular cavities of Octocorallian coral polyps communicate through ____ which is a system of gastrodermal tubes.

A

solenia

93
Q

Soft corals contain ____ a stiff yet flexible protein.

A

Gorgonin

94
Q

What is the function of gorgonin?

A

Structural support

95
Q

What animal interaction occurs in coral reefs?

A

mutualism

96
Q

What is overenrichment?

A

Dumping too many nutrients into the ocean

97
Q

What are some threats facing coral reefs?

A

Overfishing, pesticides, oil spills, climate change, tourists, coral bleaching

98
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

A process in which the water becomes too warm and corals become white and brittle and die. Zooxanthellae are expelled when under stress.

99
Q

Describe the structure of Ctenes

A

8 longitudinal rows of transverse plates bearing long cilia

100
Q

Ctenes have a ____ level of organization

A

tissue

101
Q

Are Ctenes diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

diploblastic

102
Q

_____ is the organ of equilibrium in Ctenes

A

Statocyst

103
Q

Are statocysts monoecious or diecious?

A

monoecious

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

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