Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 18: Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the extant members of Reptilia (Clade Amniota)?

A

Birds, Turtles, Lizards, Snakes, Tuataras, Crocodilians and Nonavians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

About how many species of Nonavian reptiles are there?

A

9500 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the special derived characters of Amniotes? (4)

A

-Amniotic egg
- Rib ventilation
- Desiccation resistant skin
- Head, shoulder, and ankle skeletal characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the Amniotes Adaptions promote?

A

Allowed them to be more energetic and exploit dry, terrestrial habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes associated with Amniote eggs?

A

Amnion, Allantois, Chorion, & Yolk Sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the Amnion (Function, Location)

A

Encloses embryo in fluid (inside); cushions and provides aqueous medium for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the Allantois (Function, Location)

A

Respiration & Excretion; important role in placental development in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the Chorion (Function, Location)

A

Outer layer of double membrane; contributes to placenta; forms efficient respiratory organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the Yolk Sac (Function, Location)

A

Membraneous Sac filled with nutrients that support growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the Shell of an amniotic egg

A

May be mineralized (tough), flexible and leathery,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do all mammal species have a shell?

A

No, it is absent in most species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of a shell?

A

Mechanical support; acts as semipermeable barrier that allows gas exchange and limits water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How did amniote skin adapt and change from that of reptiles?

A

Much thicker, more keratinized, and less permeable to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did amniote lungs change/adapt?

A

Large with larger surface area and ventilated which reflects in the increased metabolic demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do aquatic turtles breathe?

A

Pharyngeal of cloacal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do sea snakes breathe?

A

Cutaneous respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did the mouth of amniotes adapt/change?

A

Stronger jaws for seizing prey, tongue is more muscular and mobile for moving food in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most amphibians excreate metabolic waste as ____ or ____

A

ammonia or urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe ammonia

A

Toxic, even at low concentrations, not adaptive for vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do mammals excrete waste as? Describe the sustance

A

Urea, less toxic and concentrated in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do bird/nonavian reptiles excrete

A

concentrated acid

22
Q

How did the brain of amniotes change?

A

Larger brain for more complex behaviors and senses

23
Q

What are the most distinctive features of a turtle shell?

A

Dorsal carapace and ventral plastron

24
Q

What type of reproduction do turtles demonstrate?

A

Oviparity, eggs are buried in nests in the ground

25
Q

Describe environmental sex determination

A

The temperature of the incubation can influence the sex of turtles

26
Q

What species of turtles is the exception to showing no parental care? What do they do differently?

A

South American River Turtle; females stay near the nests and when the hatchlings hatch she will call to them and they will migrate together to the flooded forests

27
Q

What is a major danger to turtles that humans introduced?

A

Automobile mortality, especially in the Great Lakes region up to 25% of populations are being hit by cars

28
Q

What are Lizards & Snakes scientifically called?

A

Squamata

29
Q

What shared characteristics between lizards and snakes?

A

Skin with overlapping, keratinous scales
Leglessness- reduction or complete loss of limbs

30
Q

Are all snakes limbless?

A

Yes

31
Q

What is unique about male squamata?

A

The presence of hemipenes

32
Q

True/False: Male Squamata use both forks of hemipenes for copulation

A

False; they are either right or left penised

33
Q

What have lizards adapted to have in order to survive and maintain prey population?

A

Determinate growth; 80% of extant species weigh less than a mouse, making them able to eat small insects and become fulfilled with the food

34
Q

Describe the variety in body forms of Lizards

A

Smallest: 3cm long (geckos and chameleons) to Largest 3m long (Komodo dragon)

35
Q

What is another name for snakes?

A

Serpentes

36
Q

Snakes usually lack ____ and ____ girdles

A

pectoral and pelvic

37
Q

Snakes limbs are said to be _____, meaning _____

A

Vestigial; reduced in size and no longer functioning

38
Q

True/False: Snakes unhinge their jaws to eat prey

A

False, they have extremely kinetic skulls, which allows extensive movement

39
Q

What is the function of Jacobson’s Organ in snakes?

A

Receives sensory inputs from tongue and passes them to the brain for interpretation

40
Q

What is the function of a forked tongue in snakes?

A

Collects scent molecules and draws them past Jacobson’s organ to transmit the info to the brain

41
Q

Pythons, boas, and pit vipers have what unique structure?

A

Pit organs

42
Q

What is the function of pit organs

A

Heat senesitive, can distinguish the difference between heat, used to track warm prey and aim strikes

43
Q

Describe the anatomy of Vipers

A

large moveable tubular fangs at the front of mouth (venomous)
venom is injected through canals in fangs, after prey is injected viper releases it and follows until it dies

44
Q

What are the most common species of Vipers in North America?

A

Rattlesnakes, Cottonmouths, and Copperheads

45
Q

What species of snakes comprise Family Elapidae?

A

Cobras, Mambas, Coral Snakes, and Kraits

46
Q

What is different about Family Elapidae’s fangs?

A

short, permanent erect fangs in the front of the mouth

47
Q

How many natural populations of Tuatara are there? What country are they found in?

A

32 natural populations; Small islands off of New Zealand

48
Q

Crocodilians are considered _____ because ____.

A

Living fossils, they have remained relatively unchanged for more than 300 million years

49
Q

Describe the adaptations that Crodilians have

A

Well-reinforced skull
Massive jaw musculature
Teeth set in sockets
Complete secondary palate

50
Q

Describe the birth/reproduction in Crocodilians

A

Oviparity, 20-90 eggs in clutch, buried in dead vegetation the eggs are laid

51
Q

Crocodilian eggs sex are determined by temperature. High temp yields ____. Low temp yields _____.

A

female; male

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions