Chapter 17: The Early Tetrapods & Modern Amphibians Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of organisms are considered Amniotes?

A

Nonavian reptiles, birds & mammals

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2
Q

What are the only living vertebrates that have a transition from water to land?

A

Amphibians

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3
Q

What is Ontogeny?

A

Organismal Development

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4
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary History

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5
Q

Amphibians are Quasiterristrial. What does this mean?

A

They hover between aquatic and terrestrial environments and never stray far from water

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6
Q

What is considered the most dramatic event in animal evolution?

A

The amphibians transition from water to land

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7
Q

List some important physical differences between water and land ( + details) (4)

A

Oxygen content- more abundant in air.
Fluid Density- air is less buoyant
Temperature Regulation- air fluctuates in temp more than water
Habitat Diversity- amphibians had to evolve in almost every organ system to survive.

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8
Q

The Sporacular Tract in Tetrapods is said to have developed from what structure?

A

Swim Bladder

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9
Q

What are the 3 groups are Modern Amphibians?

A

Anurans (Frogs), Salamanders, & Caecilians

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10
Q

In Modern Amphibians aquatic eggs will hatch revealing what? (specific)

A

Aquatic larvae with gills

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11
Q

During the Metamorphosis of Aquatic amphibian larvae what happens

A

Gills are lost, and lungs form requiring cutaneous respiration

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12
Q

Modern Amphibians are Ecotherms, what does this mean?

A

Their body temperature matches environmental temperature

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13
Q

Where are Modern Amphibian eggs laid? Why?

A

In or near water, to avoid desiccation (drying out)

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14
Q

How many Caecilians are there? Families? Species?

A

10 families with 215 species

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15
Q

Where are Caecilians located?

A

Tropical habitats, terrestrial, legless

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16
Q

Describe Caecilian vision?

A

Greatly reduced or lost eyes (blind)

17
Q

Caecilians are Fossorial, would does this mean?

A

They are burrowing organisms

18
Q

What do Caecilians eat?

A

Termites, earthworms, insects (small or elongated prey)

19
Q

How many Salamanders are there? Families? Species?

A

10 families with 765 species

20
Q

How do Salamanders move?

A

Walking trot gait similar to early tetrapods. Combine lateral undulations with leg movement

21
Q

Salamanders are almost entirely limited to the ____

A

Northern Hemisphere

22
Q

There are more species of Salamanders in _____ (state) than all of Europe and Asia combined.

A

Tennesse

23
Q

How do most Salamanders reproduce?

A

Internal Fertilization- eggs laid in water or moist place

24
Q

Describe the development of Terrestrial species of Salamanders

A

Direct Development; no larval stage

25
Q

In general the main method of gas exchange in Salamanders is _____.

A

Cutaneous respiration

26
Q

Salamanders have ____ when aquatic

A

gills

27
Q

_____ are present at birth in Salamanders but later become primary means of respiration

A

Lungs

28
Q

How many Anurans (Frogs) are there? Families? Species?

A

Over 50 families with over 7,350 species

29
Q

True/False: Anurans are found on every continent

A

False; they are not found on Antartica

30
Q

What is the distinct larval stage of Anurans?

A

Tadpoles

31
Q

Many anuran species have a ____ which is a posterior fused vertebrae for jumping.

A

urostyle

32
Q

What kind of tongue do anurans have?

A

Viscoelastic Tongue

33
Q

Describe the function of a Viscoelastic Tongue

A

Uses a catapult mechanism to project tongue out to trap prey and carry it back to their mouth

34
Q

What is unique about a Horned Toads’ tongue?

A

They have sticky saliva that has an adhesive strength greater than their body weights

35
Q

How do Anurans communicate during mating season?

A

Advertisement calls; used to announce prescence and attract females

36
Q

Females only recognize conspecific males’ calls, what does this mean?

A

They only recognize the Advertisement calls of males of the same species as themselves

37
Q

______ is the ancestral reproduction method for anurans

A

External Fertilization

38
Q

What is the function of an Amplexus?

A

Allows male to hold onto female and wait for her to release eggs so he can fertilize them

39
Q

Do Anurans demonstrate parental care?

A

Yes, adults of many species guard and protect their eggs