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Bio 241: Animal Biology > Chapter 1: Science of Zoology & Evolution of Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Science of Zoology & Evolution of Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the keystone of all biological knowledge?

A

Evolution

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2
Q

What indicates a short evolutionary time scale?

A

Changes in genetic trait frequencies within a population

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3
Q

What indicates a long evolutionary time scale?

A

Speciation

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4
Q

Life’s history is a legacy of ____ change.

A

perpetual

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5
Q

What type of evolution is irreversible?

A

Organic

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6
Q

The scientific study of animals is referred to as?

A

Zoology

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7
Q

What specific diagram or process is used to depict history of evolution?

A

Phylogenic tree or phylogeny

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8
Q

Where are the earliest known animals located on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Trunk

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9
Q

Where are the most recent animals located on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Branches

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10
Q

List the essential characteristics of science ( 5 )

A

1) Guided by natural law
2) Must be explanatory by natural law
3) Testable
4) Conclusions are tentative (not final)
5) Falsifiable

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11
Q

What topics in science can conclusions NOT be made about?

A

Supernatural beings/forces

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12
Q

What is the process used for testing ideas through experiments and observations called?

A

The scientific method

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13
Q

What is the first 3 steps of scientific method?

A

1) Ask a question
2) Conduct research
3) Form a hypothesis

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14
Q

What are the two approaches to forming a hypothesis?

A

Inductive & Deductive

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15
Q

Inductive reasoning combines ____ ____ into a cohesive whole

A

Isolated facts

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16
Q

Dog A & Dog B have fleas
So, all observed dogs have fleas
Conclusion: All dogs have fleas
This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

A

Inductive

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17
Q

Deductive reasoning uses a general statement to reach a ____ ____ conclusion

A

specific logical

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18
Q

Deductive reasoning uses a what?

A

Preexisting theory

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19
Q

Hypothesis: All dogs in the apartment have fleas
Collect Data
Conclusion/ Analyze: 10/20 dogs did not have fleas

This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

A

Deductive

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20
Q

After step 3 (hypothesis) what must you do in the scientific method?

A

Test hypothesis with an experiment

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21
Q

A ___ sample size = more confident outcome

A

larger

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22
Q

What elements contribute to a well-designed experiment?

A

Sample size, controls

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23
Q

What is a mathematical tool that uses probability to estimate data reliability?

A

Statistics

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24
Q

After you analyze data and form a conclusion what should you do with your results?

A

Communicate them to others

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25
Q

What are the two categories that scientific questions hope to answer?

A

Proximate and ultimate causes

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26
Q

Proximate causes focus on what?

A

Functioning of a system that happens at a particular time and place

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27
Q

Ultimate causes focus on what?

A

Processes that have produced systems and evolved through time

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28
Q

Ultimate causes uses what method?

A

Comparative method

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29
Q

The comparative method uses ____ to test hypotheses

A

patterns

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30
Q

Who were the first biologists to establish evaluation as a powerful scientific theory?

A

Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace

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31
Q

What are fossils?

A

Evidence of former life

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32
Q

Did Darwin and Wallace establish the concept of evolution?

A

No, they took the next steps to developing it as a theory

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33
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution can be divided into ____ theories

A

5

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34
Q

What are the 5 theories Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is divided into?

A

Perpetual Change, Common Descent, Multiplication of Species, Gradualism, & Natural Selection

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35
Q

What is perpetual change?

A

Explains that the world has been continually changing over history; organisms undergo Modification

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36
Q

What does common descent state?

A

All forms of life propagated from a common ancestor ( Look at phylogenic tree)

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37
Q

What does multiplication of species state?

A

Evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones

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38
Q

___ is the division of species geographically from one another that causes different evolutionary changes in the same species

A

Divergence

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39
Q

Divergence is related to which theory?

A

Multiplication of Species

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40
Q

After continued division for thousands of years once the same species will now be 2 different ones and will not be able to ____ with each other

A

reproduce

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41
Q

What does gradualism state?

A

Large differences in traits in species originate by the accumulation of many small changes.

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42
Q

What does natural selection state?

A

Populations will accumulate more favorable characteristics in an effort to survive

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43
Q

What are favorable characteristics that help species survive also called?

A

Adaptations

44
Q

Natural selection contains 2 components. What are they

A

Random & Nonrandom Component

45
Q

The random component of natural selection produces ____ between organisms.

A

variation

46
Q

The nonrandom component of natural selection focuses on the ____ of traits

A

persistence

47
Q

What happens to traits through generations?

A

They increase in frequency ( b/c they are advantageous)

48
Q

The same organ in different organisms with varying forms and functions is called

A

Homology

49
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Characteristics inherited with some modifications

50
Q

What is an example of homologous structures?

A

Human arm VS horse legs VS bat wings

51
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Characteristics in different organisms that perform similar functions that were not inherited from the same ancestor

52
Q

What is an example of analogous structures?

A

Shark fin (fish) VS Penguin wing (bird) VS Dolphin flipper ( mammal)

53
Q

Analogous structures evolved independently via ____ evolution

A

Convergent

54
Q

The formation of species is called

A

speciation

55
Q

Species are categorized when members of the species interbreed and have a shared ___ ___

A

gene pool

56
Q

What are reproductive barriers?

A

Biological characteristics that prevent species from interbreeding

57
Q

What is an example of reproductive barriers?

A

Mountains between lakes

58
Q

____ had a huge impact on whether gene pools mix

A

Geography

59
Q

When a physical barrier subdivides a larger population this is called

A

Allopatric speciation

60
Q

How many stages are there of allopatric speciation?

A

2 stages

61
Q

What are the two stages of allopatric speciation?

A

Geographical separation & Reproductive separation

62
Q

The stage of allopatric speciation, ____, prevents gene flow

A

Geographical separation

63
Q

The stage of allopatric speciation, _____, is when distinct mutations occur

A

Reproductive separation

64
Q

Adaptive radiation is an example of which of Darwin’s Theories

A

Multiplication of Species

65
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Rapid speciation that produces a cluster of closely related species

66
Q

What is an example of adaptive radiation?

A

Galapagos Finches

67
Q

What does gradualism propose?

A

That if a new species arises in a single, sudden, or catastrophic event we should see it happen

68
Q

What is an example of gradualism?

A

Sport mutations: ancon (dwarf) sheep that could not jump fences

69
Q

The argument against gradualism is titled?

A

Punctuated equilibrium

70
Q

Chromosomal theory of inheritance states that

A

nuclear chromosomes are the physical bearers of genetic material

71
Q

What are scientists who study variation in natural populations using statistics are called

A

population geneticists

72
Q

Evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes without populations is called

A

microevolution

73
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Evolution on a grand scale

74
Q

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which form of evolution?

A

Microevolution

75
Q

Physical variation from generation to generation is called

A

phenotypic variation

76
Q

What are alleles?

A

variant forms of a single gene

77
Q

All alleles possessed by a population are collectively gathered in a

A

gene pool

78
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculate?

A

Genotype and allele frequencies

79
Q

In order for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to remain in effect how many conditions must be met?

A

5 conditions

80
Q

What are the 5 conditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to remain in effect?

A

1) Random Mating
2) No mutations
3) No gene flow
4) No genetic drift
5) No natural selection

81
Q

Microevolution can be detected and measured by the amount of ____ that occurs in HW equilibrium

A

deviation

82
Q

When does random mating occur?

A

When individuals select mates and pair by chance

83
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

When genetically related individuals mate with each other

84
Q

What is the problem with inbreeding?

A

Recessive phenotypes become more common and lead to disease/disorder

85
Q

Spontaneous but permanent genetic changes are

A

Mutations

86
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in allele frequencies due to unpredictable events

87
Q

What is a negative of genetic drift?

A

It can eliminate alleles in small populations because only a few individuals contribute to the overall gene pool

88
Q

What is Population bottleneck?

A

Catastrophic reduction in a population

89
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When certain members of a population leave and re-colonize somewhere new with no access to their original position

90
Q

What occurs more frequently in founder populations?

A

Rare alleles

91
Q

The movement of alleles by migration of breeding individuals is called

A

gene flow

92
Q

Gene flow occurs in two ways, what are they?

A

emigration and immigration

93
Q

In directional selection which trait is favored?

A

Extreme trait

94
Q

Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of which type of selection?

A

Directional

95
Q

In Stabilizing Selection which trait is favored?

A

Average trait

96
Q

Swiss Starling’s egg clutch size of 4 to 5 is an example of which type of selection?

A

Stabilizing

97
Q

In disruptive selection what traits are favored?

A

2 or more extreme traits

98
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

Occurrence of different forms in a population of the same species

99
Q

British land snails are an example of which type of selection

A

Disruptive

100
Q

What are the 4 types of natural selection?

A

Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive, Sexual

101
Q

Male competition for access to females and choice of mates is an example of what type of natural selection

A

Sexual Selection

102
Q

Sexual selection is made up of 2 processes. What are they?

A

Intersexual and intrasexual

103
Q

What is intersexual selection based on?

A

Interactions between males and females

104
Q

What is intrasexual selection based on?

A

Interactions between members of the same sex

105
Q

How many instances of mass extinction have there been?

A

5

106
Q

The movement of continents is

A

continental drift

107
Q

What causes continental drift?

A

Plate tectonics

Bio 241: Animal Biology (26 decks)

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