Chapter 7 - Developmental Toxicology Flashcards
All of the following antimicrobials are human developmental toxicants except…
A. Penicillins
B. tetracyclines
C. Aminoglycosides
D. Fluconazole
A. Penicillins
The percentage of major congenital defects at birth is estimated to be…
A. Less than 1%
B. 2-3%
C. 5-7%
D. None of the above
B. 2-3%
All of the following metals are human developmental toxicants except…
A. Lithium
B. Lead
C. Organic mercury
D. Copper
D. Copper
All of the following infectious agents are human developmental toxicants except…
A. Rubella virus
B. influenza virus
C. Syphilis
D. Toxoplasmosis
B. influenza virus
All of the following are human developmental toxicants except…
A. Folic acid
B. ethanol
C. Cocaine
D. Tobacco smoke
A. Folic acid
The FDA protocol that primarily examines teratogenicity is…
A. Segment I
B. Segment II
C. Segment III
D. Segment IV
B. Segment II
Which of the following statements is true regarding concordance of findings of developmental toxicity between animals and humans?
A. Concordance is strongest when there are positive data from more than one species
B. Humans tend to be more sensitive than the most sensitive animal test species
C. The mouse and rat tend to be better test species than the rabbit
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In the PDR, most drugs are listed as a “use in pregnancy” category…
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
C. C
All of the following are true regarding the sonic hedgehog pathway except…
A. SHH is primarily linked to transcription of tumor suppressor genes
B. Ligands for SHH require covalent binding of cholesterol
C. Mutations of the SHH gene can cause holoprosencephaly in mice and humans
D. The pathway was first discovered in Drosophila
A. SHH is primarily linked to transcription of tumor suppressor genes
The majority of congenital malformations in humans are due to…
A. Radiation
B. Infectious agents
C. Alcohol
D. Unknown factors
D. Unknown factors
Potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the ER include all of the following except…
A. Flutamine
B. methoxychlor
C. Chlordecone
D. Phytoestrogens
A. Flutamine
Potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals that antagonize the androgen receptor include all of the following except…
A. Vinclozolin
B. Finasteride
C. Bisphenol A
D. p,p DDE
C. Bisphenol A
The FDA protocol that primarily examines fertility and preimplementation and postimplementation viability is…
A. Segment I
B. Segment II
C. Segment III
D. Segment IV
A. Segment I
The FDA protocol that primarily examines postnatal survival, growth, and external morphology is…
A. Segment I
B. Segment II
C. Segment III
D. Segment IV
C. Segment III
Indirect toxicant developmental effects due to maternal toxicity include all of the following except…
A. Cocaine effect on uterine blood flow
B. ethanol effects on maternal folate
C. Thalidomide effects on angiogenesis in the offspring
D. Ethanol effects on maternal zinc
C. Thalidomide effects on angiogenesis in the offspring
All of the following maternal diseases have been asso w/ adverse pregnancy outcomes except…
A. Allergic rhinitis
B. Febrile illness during the first trimester
C. Hypertension
D. Diabetes mellitus
A. Allergic rhinitis
The incidence of neural tube defects in the offspring of pregnant women could be reduced by supplementation early in pregnancy with…
A. Niacin
B. Folate
C. Biotin
D. Riboflavin
B. Folate
All of the following are true of the developmental toxicity of cadmium except…
A. It appears to involve placental toxicity
B. It appears to involve inhibition of nutrient transport across the placenta
C. Zinc can affect the developmental toxicity of cadmium
D. Cadmium induces transferrin, which binds zinc in the placenta
D. Cadmium induces transferrin, which binds zinc in the placenta
All of the following are true regarding induction of metallothionein in pregnant rats except…
A. It can be caused by urethane, ethanol, or alpha-hederin
B. Induction is directly related to maternal zinc retention
C. High-dose vitamin C can prevent the induction
D. Induction is inversely related to zinc distribution to the offspring
C. High-dose vitamin C can prevent the induction
All of the following processes are necessary for a normally developing embryo except…
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell proliferation
C. Cell differentiation
D. Necrosis
D. Necrosis
Embryos deficient in p53…
A. Transform into choriocarcinoma
B. do not survive into organogenesis
C. Develop normally
D. None of the above
C. Develop normally
All of the following are true regarding toxicant effects on an embryo except…
A. Cellular predisposition to apoptosis can vary
B. The creation of a normal or malformed offspring depends on the cellular balance between damage and repair
C. Cellular insults to an embryo can include those affecting cell-cell interactions and energy metabolism
D. The developing heart is very sensitive to toxicant-induced apoptosis
D. The developing heart is very sensitive to toxicant-induced apoptosis
Advances in molecular biology that have helped understand the mechanisms involved in abnormal development are..
A. Cell staining and flow cytometry
B. Antisense oligonucleotides and knockout mice
C. Prion research and PCR technology
D. All of the above
B. Antisense oligonucleotides and knockout mice