Chapter 16 - Respiratory Toxicology Flashcards
All of the following species inhale through the nose and mouth except…
A. Mouse
B. dogs
C. Monkeys
D. Humans
A. Mouse
Respiratory tract mucus has all of the following functions except…
A. Acid neutralizing
B. bronchodilation
C. Free radical scavenging
D. Antioxidant
B. bronchodilation
Surfactant is produced in…
A. Mucus producing cells
B. clara cells
C. AE I cells
D. AE II cells
D. AE II cells
All of the following are true of AE I cells except…
A. They cover approx 90% of the alveolar surface
B. they can show preferential damage by toxic agents
C. They have an attenuated cytoplasm
D. They are cuboidal in shape
D. They are cuboidal in shape
The respiratory tract mucus may be dissolved in a fluid produced by…
A. Macrophages
B. serous cells
C. AE I cells
D. AE II cells
B. serous cells
In adult humans, the tidal volume is approx…
A. 200 ml
B. 500 ml
C. 1000 ml
D. 150 ml
B. 500 ml
Increased lung deposition of particles from polluted air can occur…
A. During exercise
B. in emphysema
C. In congestive heart failure
D. In pulmonary edema
A. During exercise
A toxicant will come in contact with the pulmonary capillary bed before the liver during all of the following routes of admin. except…
A. Inhalation
B. intravenous
C. Subcutaneous
D. Through a gastric-nasal tube
D. Through a gastric-nasal tube
All of the following can decrease the diffusion of gases across the alveolar surface except…
A. Pulmonary edema
B. interstitial fibrosis
C. Pulmonary inflammation
D. Pulmonary embolus
D. Pulmonary embolus
All of the following statements are true except…
A. Epoxide hydrolase can be found in lung and nasal tissue
B. the highest level of P450 enzymes is found in type 1 alveolar cells
C. There are different patterns of induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in lung and liver
D. Flavin monooxygenases and prostaglandin synthase are present in lung
B. the highest level of P450 enzymes is found in type 1 alveolar cells
The gas that is the least water-soluble and can pass most efficiently through the respiratory tract is…
A. CO
B. O3
C. NO2
D. SO2
A. CO
Particles trapped in the nasopharyngeal region are usually of mass-median aerodynamic diameter….
A. > 5um
B. 0.2 - 5 um
C. 100 nm - 200 nm
D. < 100 nm
A. > 5um
All of the following are true regarding nanoparticles except…
A. They are defined as particles with a diameter >100 nm
B. Nanospheres may be more toxic than nanotubes of the same MMAD
C. They have an extremely high surface area relative to their mass
D. Technologies that produce decreased emissions of larger particles may produce increased amts of nanoparticles
B. Nanospheres may be more toxic than nanotubes of the same MMAD
A fiber with a length of 200 um and a diameter of 1 um will be deposited in the airway mostly by the process of…
A. Diffusion
B. sedimentation
C. Impaction
D. Interception
D. Interception
An increase in random motion of a submicrometer particle by Brownian motion of air molecules will increase the deposition of the particle by the process of…
A. Diffusion
B. sedimentation
C. Impaction
D. Interception
A. Diffusion
The deposition of particles in the respiratory tract is increased by…
A. Breath holding
B. exercise
C. Bronchoconstriction
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Lung damage from the production of secondary reaction products such as aldehydes and hydroxyperoxides is characteristic of…
A. HCl
B. ammonia
C. Ozone
D. Lead
C. Ozone
Free radical-mediated damage to the lung is caused by all of the following except…
A. Ozone
B. nitrogen dioxide
C. Tobacco smoke
D. Carbon monoxide
D. Carbon monoxide
Unstable reactive free radicals and ROS produced inthe lung by toxicants include all of the following except…
A. OH
B. ONOO
C. O2-
D. Na+
D. Na+
Which of the following cells is least likely to produce ROS in the lungs?
A. Plasma cell
B. neutrophil
C. Monocyte
D. Macrophage
A. Plasma cell
Bronchoconstriction is produced by all of the following except…
A. Cigarette smoke
B. increased intracellular cGMP
C. Increased intracellular cAMP
D. Irritant air pollution
C. Increased intracellular cAMP
In terms of gas exchange in the lungs, which of the following pairs of pulmonary pathologies are most similar?
A. Bronchoconstriction and PF
B. pulmonary edema and bronchoconstriction
C. Pulmonary edema and PF
D. Pulmonary embolus and PF
C. Pulmonary edema and PF
A hypothesis for the etiology of toxicant-induced emphysema is that inflammatory cells increase the burden of…
A. ROS
B. Elastase
C. Histamine
D. NO
B. Elastase
In a fibrotic reaction to toxicants, the human lung response most closely resembles…
A. IPF
B. emphysema
C. Allergic alveolitis
D. Infant respiratory distress syndrome
D. Infant respiratory distress syndrome