Chapter 19 - Metal Toxicology Flashcards
A property of metals of great toxicological significance is…
A. They all exhibit a U-shaped dose-response curve
B. They have no threshold for toxicity
C. They are less toxic as cations
D. They accumulate in the biosphere
D. They accumulate in the biosphere
A chemical property of elemental metals that makes them particularly troubling to biological systems is…
A. They are essentially non-biodegradable
B. They mostly convert to cations with +1 charge
C. They form insoluble salts
D. They form alloys
A. They are essentially non-biodegradable
All of the following are chemical ways that metals cause toxicity except…
A. Binding to sulfhydryl groups
B. Mimicry of essential metals
C. Acting as semiconductors and short-circuting nerve impulses
D. Acting as catalytic centers for redox reactors in the generation of ROS.
C. Acting as semiconductors and short-circuting nerve impulses
One drawback in using hair samples as a tissue to measure metal exposure is that…
A. Metals can be removed from hair by shampoo
B. Hair can be contaminated by external sources of metals
C. Workers who spend most of their day outside in cold weather will have less hair metal deposition compared to office workers
D. Older, graying hair has less reliable deposition rates than younger hair
B. Hair can be contaminated by external sources of metals
Many human metabolites of arsenic are…
A. Methylated
B. Sulfated
C. Glucuronidated
D. Acetylated
A. Methylated
A recent source of cadmium exposure is…
A. Batteries
B. Synthetic motor oil
C. Dental fillings
D. Crack cocaine
A. Batteries
The metal salt of lowest toxicological significance is…
A. Vanadium pentoxide
B. Titanium dioxide
C. Thallium sulfate
D. Uranyl chloride
B. Titanium dioxide
In occupationally exposed adult workers, OSHA standards require the maintenance of blood levels below…
A. 10 ug/dl
B. 20 ug/dl
C. 40 ug/dl
D. 80 ug/dl
C. 40 ug/dl
All of the following may result from lead toxicity to the kidney except…
A. Hypouricemia
B. Aminoaciduria
C. Glycosuria
D. Phosphaturia
A. Hypouricemia
Which of the following is least useful in a medical evaluation of a lead-exposed worker?
A. Blood pressure measurement
B. Blood lead level
C. Serum creatine phosphokinase
D. Microscopic urinalysis
C. Serum creatine phosphokinase
Alcohol intake may influence metal toxicity by all of the following except…
A. Altering diet
B. Induction of CYP450 2E1
C. Reduction of essential mineral intake
D. Altering hepatic iron deposition
B. Induction of CYP450 2E1
All of the following are adaptive responses to metal toxicity except…
A. Increased albumin synthesis
B. Lead-inclusion bodies
C. Overexpression of metallothionein
D. Metal-induced oxidative stress response
A. Increased albumin synthesis
Which of the following metal-medicinal use pairs is incorrect?
A. Platinum-cancer chemotherapy
B. Gold-arthritis
C. Aluminum-dementia
D. Lithium-mania
C. Aluminum-dementia
Environmental arsenic exposure occurs mainly through…
A. Industrial air pollution
B. Automobile exhaust
C. Cigarette smoke
D. Drinking water
D. Drinking water
A gas with a similar toxicologic effect to arsine is…
A. Chlorine
B. Ethane
C. Stibine
D. Ammonia
C. Stibine
The combination of nickel with carbon monoxide produces the respiratory tract toxicant…
A. Nickel carbonate
B. Phosgene
C. Stilbene
D. Nickel carbonyl
D. Nickel carbonyl
Fluorosis refers to symptoms secondary to excess fluoride intake in…
A. Liver and kidney
B. Heart and skeletal muscle
C. Teeth and bones
D. Central and peripheral nervous system
C. Teeth and bones
Acrodynia is a disease in children caused by exposure to…
A. Arsenic
B. Lead
C. Cadmium
D. Mercury
D. Mercury
Mercury is deposited in bodies of water and the atmosphere…
A. Through volcanic emissions
B. Through industrial emissions
C. Through rainwater
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Stainless steel welding exposes workers to all of the following except…
A. Chromium
B. Sulfur dioxide
C. Nickel
D. Manganese
B. Sulfur dioxide
Pigmentation of the skin and eyes is asso w/ prolonged exposure to…
A. Silver
B. Thallium
C. Germanium
D. Cesium
A. Silver
Selenium deficiency is asso w/ …
A. Seizures
B. Peripheral neuropathy
C. Cardiomyopathy
D. Renal failure
C. Cardiomyopathy
All of the following are asso w/ beryllium exposure except…
A. Lung cancer
B. Acute chemical pneumonitis
C. Chronic granulomatous disease
D. Peptic ulcer disease
D. Peptic ulcer disease
All of the following are true regarding mercury exposure except…
A. Sea mammals have higher levels than herbivorous fish
B. Drinking water is a significant source of exposure
C. Concentrations in marine life can be 80,000x higher than in surrounding water
D. Cooking fish does not lower the level of methylmercury.
B. Drinking water is a significant source of exposure
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Methylmercury does not cross the placenta
B. methylmercury is metabolized to mercuric ion by the placenta
C. Methylmercury is present in fetal brain at 50% of the conc. in the maternal blood
D. Methylmercury is present in the fetal brain at 5-7 times the conc. in maternal blood
D. Methylmercury is present in the fetal brain at 5-7 times the conc. in maternal blood
Which of the following metal-commercial product pairs is incorrect?
A. Ziconium-deoderants
B. Tungsten-detergents
C. Selenium-dandruff shampoos
D. Aluminum-antacids
B. Tungsten-detergents
A metal that substitutes for calcium in bone is…
A. Lithium
B. Cesium
C. Silver
D. Strontium
D. Strontium
Which of the following is considered a metalloid?
A. Beryllium
B. Bromine
C. Boron
D. Tungsten
C. Boron
Potassium deficiency can result from all of the following except…
A. Vomiting
B. Renal failure
C. Diarrhea
D. Diuretic use
B. Renal failure
All of the following are true regarding exposure of metallic sodium or potassium to air except…
A. Superoxides may form
B. Explosions can occur
C. Particles embedded in skin or eyes should be irrigated with large amts. of water
D. Dermal and ocular burns can lead to liquification necrosis
C. Particles embedded in skin or eyes should be irrigated with large amts. of water
Acute gastrointestinal symptoms with gastrointestinal hemorrhage followed by cardiovascular collapse, renal failure, jaundice and delayed peripheral neuropathy describes the acute toxicology of…
A. Mercury
B. Lead
C. Arsenic
D. Cadmium
C. Arsenic
Colicky abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, encephalopathy are asso w/ acute exposure to…
A. Inorganic mercury
B. Lead
C. Mercury vapor
D. Cadmium
B. Lead
All of the following are true of thallium except…
A. Toxicity may result from mimicking sodium ion
B. Prussian Blue is an antidote
C. It is one of the most toxic metals
D. Significant exposure can result in dermal, cardiac or neural toxicity
A. Toxicity may result from mimicking sodium ion
All of the following are true of the toxicity of tin except…
A. An outbreak of toxicity occurred in France during the 1950’s
B. Inorganic tin cmpds. can be relatively neurotoxic
C. Organic tin cmpds. can be very neurotoxic
D. Inorganic cmpds. are better absorbed than organic tin cmpds.
D. Inorganic cmpds. are better absorbed than organic tin cmpds.
All of the following are true of uranium cmpds except…
A. Renal toxicity is common
B. Acute radiation toxicity is more of a concern than chemical toxicity
C. They accumulate in bone
D. Urine uranium levels correlate with acute exposure
B. Acute radiation toxicity is more of a concern than chemical toxicity
All of the following are true of zinc except…
A. It induces metallothionein
B. Overdose is more of a problem than deficiency
C. It is essential for human growth and development
D. Zinc oxide is a cause of ‘metal fume fever’
B. Overdose is more of a problem than deficiency
Dialysis dementia may be due to excess…
A. Potassium
B. Phosphate
C. Aluminum
D. Urea
C. Aluminum
Bismuth salts are used medically to treat all of the following except..
A. Diarrhea
B. Peptic ulcer
C. H. Pylori gastritis
D. Inflammatory bowel disease
D. Inflammatory bowel disease
A metal similar to mercury in that it is liquid at or near RT is…
A. Bromine
B. Gallium
C. Antimony
D. All of the above
B. Gallium
All of the following are manifestations of lithium toxicity except…
A. Tremor
B. Liver necrosis
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Renal failure
B. Liver necrosis
Hereditary hemochromatosis causes…
A. Increased intestinal absorption of iron
B. Decreased bilary excretion of iron
C. Decreased renal excretion of iron
D. Increased sensitivity of liver cells to normal levels of iron
A. Increased intestinal absorption of iron
There is experimental evidence that iron may play a part in the development of…
A. Atherosclerosis
B. Osteosarcoma
C. Adrenal insufficiency
D. Hypothyroidism
A. Atherosclerosis
Metal-induced Parkinson’s disease is caused by…
A. Magnesium
B. Molybdenum
C. Manganese
D. Selenium
C. Manganese
Garlic breath is asso. w/ all of the following except…
A. Selenium
B. Cyanide
C. Arsenic
D. Thallium
B. Cyanide
Trivalent chromium has been used medicinally to…
A. Treat depression
B. Improve sleep
C. Lower blood pressure
D. Decrease insulin resistance
D. Decrease insulin resistance
Excess copper ingestion in humans has been asso. w/ …
A. Liver necrosis
B. Hypertension
C. Pancreatitis
D. All of the above
A. Liver necrosis
All of the following are true in Wilson’s disease except…
A. There is impaired biliary excretion of copper
B. Serum ceruloplasmin is elevated
C. Serum unbound copper levels are elevated
D. There are characteristic corneal findings
B. Serum ceruloplasmin is elevated
Menke’s disease is characterized by…
A. Increased liver copper
B. Copper deficiency in the brain
C. Bronze skin
D. None of the above
B. Copper deficiency in the brain
All of the following are true of iron deficiency except…
A. It is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world
B. The major presentation in young children is seizure disorder
C. It is asso. w/ adverse pregnancy outcomes in adults
D. It causes microcytic anemia
B. The major presentation in young children is seizure disorder
Symptoms of acute iron overdose include…
A. Seizures, polyuria, bradycardia
B. skin rash, respiratory alkalosis, bleeding
C. Parathesias, muscle weakness, tremors
D. Nausea, abdominal pain, metabolic acidosis
D. Nausea, abdominal pain, metabolic acidosis
The form of mercury that has the highest gastrointestinal absorption is…
A. Elemental
B. Mercurous
C. Mercuric
D. Methylmercury
D. Methylmercury
A majortoxicokinetic issue with methymercury is…
A. Enterohepatic recycling
B. Storage in bone
C. Renal failure-induced decreased renal excretion
D. Saturation of P-glycoprotein exporter
A. Enterohepatic recycling
The major target organ of inorganic mercury is…
A. Brain
B. Peripheral nerve
C. Kidney
D. Adrenal gland
C. Kidney
The major tragedy of the Minamata, Japan methylmercury exposure was…
A. Lifetime seizure disorder in exposed adults
B. Developmental disabilities in offspring of exposed pregnant mothers
C. Intellectual deficits in exposed children
D. High incidence of lymphoma in all exposed geoups
B. Developmental disabilities in offspring of exposed pregnant mothers
Excessive cobalt ingestion in humans has been asso. w/ …
A. Congestive heart failure
B. increase in red blood cells
C. Goiter
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Lead inhibits the activity of…
A. Aspartate transferase
B. Ferrochelatase
C. Beta-glucuronidase
D. Superoxide dismutase
B. Ferrochelatase
Lead in blood is mostly…
A. In neutrophils
B. Bound to albumin
C. In erythrocytes
D. Unbound
C. In erythrocytes
Biochemical effects of lead include all of the following except…
A. Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase
B. Increase in protophorphin IX in erythrocytes
C. Decrease in urine delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion
D. Chelation of zinc by erythrocytes
C. Decrease in urine delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion
The most common adverse reaction to nickel is…
A. Contact dermatitis
B. Gout
C. Hypertension
D. Pulmonary edema
A. Contact dermatitis
All of the following are true of methylmercury except…
A. It is produced by biomethylation reactions in oceans
B. It can significantly bioconcentrate
C. The major human health risk is neurotoxicity
D. It can be destroyed by cooking at 160F
D. It can be destroyed by cooking at 160F
All of the following are true of arsenic except…
A. It is strongly positive in the Ames test
B. Neurologic symptoms after acute exposure are delayed by 1 to 2 wks
C. It is asso. w/ peripheral vascular disease
D. Skin cancers frequently occur on palms of hands and soles of feet
A. It is strongly positive in the Ames test
Beryllium exposure is asso w/ ….
A. Hemolytic anemia
B. alopecia
C. Parkinson’s disease
D. Granulomatous lung disease
D. Granulomatous lung disease
All of the following are true of cadmium exposure except…
A. Food is a principal source of exposure
B. It causes proximal tubular dysfunction
C. It can be asso w/ bone deformities
D. Dialysis is effective treatment
D. Dialysis is effective treatment
The toxicity of hexavalent chromium is thought to result from…
A. Binding to the estrogen receptor
B. Free radical generation
C. Precipitation in the kidney
D. Blockade of sodium channels
B. Free radical generation
Lead and cadmium may both be asso w/ all of the following except…
A. Proximal tubular renal dysfunction
B. Hypertension
C. Pancreatitis in humans
D. Osteoporosis
C. Pancreatitis in humans
Baldness is asso w/ …
A. Thallium
B. Gold
C. Silver
D. Cobalt
A. Thallium
All of the following are factors that influence metal toxicity except…
A. Age at exposure
B. Valence state of metal
C. Blood glucose level
D. Concurrent alcohol or smoking
C. Blood glucose level
Which of the following has the shortest biological half-life?
A. Cadmium in the kidney
B. Lead in bone
C. Lithium in blood
D. Gold in synovial fluid
C. Lithium in blood
All of the following are correct metal-binding protein pairs except…
A. Transferrin-iron
B. C-reactive protein-lead
C. Metallothionein-cadmium
D. Metallothionein-zinc
B. C-reactive protein-lead
Fingernails and hair are good biomarkers for exposure to…
A. Arsenic
B. Magnesium
C. Potassium
D. Boron
A. Arsenic
The triad of symptoms traditionally asso w/ chronic inhalation of mercury vapor are…
A. Baldness, skin rash, tremors
B. erethism, diarrhea, weight loss
C. Psychosis, hematuria, jaundice
D. Tremors, gingivitis, erethism
D. Tremors, gingivitis, erethism
Peripheral neuropathy is not a common manifestation of toxicity with…
A. Lead
B. Arsenic
C. Cadmium
D. Cisplatin
C. Cadmium
Cr+3 is asso w/
A. Chromate mimics
B. Gout
C. Essential for glucose metabolism
D. Present in thioredoxin
C. Essential for glucose metabolism
Phosphate ion
A. Arsenate mimics
B. is essential for glucose metabolism
C. Present in pesticides
D. Gout
A. Arsenate mimics
Zn
A. Present in thioredoxin
B. Indian childhood cirrosis
C. Deficiency causes acrodermatitis enteropathica
D. Toxicity treated with amiloride
C. Deficiency causes acrodermatitis enteropathica
Sulfate ion
A. Arsenate mimics
B. chromate mimics
C. Present in thioredoxin
D. Self-tolerance
B. chromate mimics
Ceruloplasmin
A. Indian childhood cirrosis
B. gout
C. Hepcidin modulates absorption
D. Converts Fe+2 to Fe+3
D. Converts Fe+2 to Fe+3
Cd
A. Self-tolerance
B. Hepcidin modulates absorption
C. Contact dermatitis
D. Chromate mimics
A. Self-tolerance
Co
A. Gout
B. present in pesticides
C. Self tolerance
D. Causes increased erythropoiesis
D. Causes increased erythropoiesis
Fe
A. Present in thioredoxin
B. Hepcidin modulates absorption
C. Causes increases erythropoiesis
D. Arsenate mimics
B. Hepcidin modulates absorption
Mn
A. Converts Fe+2 to Fe+3
B. Essential for glucose metabolism
C. Present in pesticides
D. Toxicity treated with amiloride
C. Present in pesticides
Se
A. Arsenate mimics
B. Chromate mimics
C. Toxicity treated with amiloride
D. Present in thioredoxin
D. Present in thioredoxin
Ni
A. Contact dermatitis and epigenetic carcinogen
B. Gout
C. Mimics potassium
D. Self tolerance
A. Contact dermatitis and epigenetic carcinogen
Li
A. Mimics potassium
B. toxicity treated with amiloride
C. Present inpesticides
D. Chromate mimics
B. toxicity treated with amiloride
Mo
A. Self tolerance
B. Gout
C. Indian childhood cirrosis
D. Mimics potassium
B. Gout
Cs
A. Present in pesticides
B. Present in thioredoxin
C. Mimics arsenate
D. Mimics potassium
D. Mimics potassium
Cu
A. Self tolerance
B. arsenate mimics
C. Indian childhood cirrosis
D. Essential for glucose metabolism
C. Indian childhood cirrosis
