Chapter 24 - Radiation Toxicology Flashcards
The most frequent type of DNA damage in mammalian cells produced by low LET radiation exposure is…
A. Double-strand breaks
B. Single-strand breaks
C. DNA-protein crosslinks
D. DNA dimers
B. Single-strand breaks
Beta particles are emitted with a continuous energy spectrum because of the simultaneous emission of a/an…
A. Protein
B. Gamma ray
C. X-ray
D. Antineutrino
D. Antineutrino
An example of a pure gamma ray emitter is..
A. Technetium 99m
B. Carbon 14
C. Sodium 22
D. Oxygen 16
A. Technetium 99m
Photons interact with matter in all of the following ways except…
A. Pair production
B. Dark energy production
C. Photoelectric effect
D. Compton effect
B. Dark energy production
Internal conversion produces…
A. An atom without an orbital electron
B. An atom of higher atomic number
C. An atom of lower atomic number
D. An electron from a gamma ray
A. An atom without an orbital electron
If a photon possesses energy of the order 1.02 MeV, it is capable of…
A. Splitting He atoms
B. Producing a positron and an electron
C. Converting a neutron into a proton and electron
D. Creating an alpha particle
B. Producing a positron and an electron
Which of the following has the least ability to penetrate the skin?
A. Beta particle
B. Neutron
C. X-ray
D. Gamma rays
A. Beta particle
Alpha particles are most dangerous when they…
A. Do not have relativistic velocities
B. Are produced from He
C. Are inhaled
D. Are in contact with the skin
C. Are inhaled
The biological effects of radiation are due to all of the following except…
A. Breaking hydrogen bonds
B. Free radical generation
C. Breaking covalent bonds
D. Forming coordination complexes with biological metals
D. Forming coordination complexes with biological metals
Combination of an inner-shell electron with a nuclear proton is called…
A. Electron capture
B. Positron emission
C. Beta-decay
D. None of the above
A. Electron capture
The occupational limits for radiation developed in a 1990 document by the Internal Commission on Radiation Protection are…
A. 100mSv in 5 yrs
B. 250mSv in 5 yrs
C. 500mSv in 5 yrs
D. 1 Sv in 5 yrs
A. 100mSv in 5 yrs
Much of the DNA damage from high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation…
A. Is readily repairable
B. Results from localized clusters of ionization
C. Occurs in many cells along a tract receiving a small dose
D. All of the above
B. Results from localized clusters of ionization
The late health effect of radium ingestion in radium dial painters was…
A. Acute myelogenous leukemia
B. Alpastic anemia
C. Osteogenic sarcoma
D. Multiple myeloma
C. Osteogenic sarcoma
Children under 18 at the time of the Chernobyl nuclear accident developed the greatest increase in the incidence of…
A. Lung cancer
B. Liver cancer
C. Thyroid cancer
D. Colon cancer
C. Thyroid cancer
The lung cancer risk in uranium miners is due to…
A. Uranium 234
B. Lead 214
C. Radon 226 and its decay products
D. Thorium 234
C. Radon 226 and its decay products
All of the following are true of indoor radon exposure except…
A. Open flames in a house produce a higher exposure
B. Urban areas have the same radon levels as rural areas
C. Smokers have a higher risk per unit of exposure
D. Particle size can change the dose delivered to the lungs
B. Urban areas have the same radon levels as rural areas
The largest percentage of natural background radiation that the human body receives is from…
A. Short-lived daughter isotopes of radon
B. Cosmic rays
C. Medical X-rays
D. Dietary intake of potassium 40
A. Short-lived daughter isotopes of radon
The largest amount of terrestrial background radiation comes from…
A. Nitrogen, oxygen and silicon
B. plutonium, thallium and technetium
C. Sodium, potassium and cesium
D. Uranium, thorium and potassium
D. Uranium, thorium and potassium
A process that creates the same product nuclei as position emission is…
A. Alpha decay
B. Gamma ray production
C. Electron capture
D. Beta decay
C. Electron capture
The characteristic of alpha particles which causes a high energy loss per path length and a high ionization density along the track length is called…
A. High Compton effect
B. High linear energy transfer
C. High photoelectric effect
D. High energy pair production
B. High linear energy transfer
Beta particles moving near the speed of light…
A. Have a wavelength in the visible range
B. Rarely interact with matter
C. Must have relativistic effects applied to them
D. Frequently decompose into gamma rays and neutrinos
C. Must have relativistic effects applied to them
The unit of absorbed dose for ionizing radiation is…
A. Rem
B. sievert
C. Rotegen
D. Gray
D. Gray
The unit of equivalent dose for ionizing radiation is…
A. Rem
B. Sievert
C. Rotegen
D. Gray
B. Sievert
The term-effective dose of ionizing radiation…
A. Is a dose that causes necrosis of particular cell types
B. Is the equivalent dose divided by the weight of body tissue
C. Allows for a direct comparison of the cancer risk from different partial or whole-body doses
D. Is a dose that kills greater than 99% of malignant cells in a particulat tissue
C. Allows for a direct comparison of the cancer risk from different partial or whole-body doses
