Chapter 14 - Neurotoxicology Flashcards
The slowest component of axonal transport involves movement of the…
A. Mitochondria
B. Protein in vessicles
C. Ctyoskeleton
D. None of the above
C. Ctyoskeleton
When the neuronal cell body is lethally injured, the process is called…
A. Neuritis
B. Neuralgia
C. Axonopathy
D. Neuronopathy
D. Neuronopathy
To satisfy its high energy requirements, the brain relies on…
A. Fatty acid oxidation
B. Aerobic glycolysis
C. Phosphocreatine
D. Anaerobic glucose metabolism
B. Aerobic glycolysis
A purpose of circumventricular organs in the brain is to…
A. Allow nutrients to rapidly enter the brain
B. Actively transport xenobiotics back to the blood
C. Allow for neuronal hypertrophy in response to injury
D. Respond to changes in blood hormone levels
D. Respond to changes in blood hormone levels
The high energy requirement of neuronal tissue is due to…
A. Maintenance and reestablishment of ion gradients
B. high levels of protein synthesis and degradation
C. High level of immune surveillance
D. All of the above
A. Maintenance and reestablishment of ion gradients
Tardive dyskinesia is caused by long-term use of …
A. Tricyclic antidepressants
B. Phenothiazines
C. Amphetamines
D. Cocaine
B. Phenothiazines
An advantage that the developing nervous system has over the adult nervous system is…
A. Less sensitivity to toxic insult
B. Faster recovery from toxic insult
C. A tighter blood-brain barrier
D. None of the above
B. Faster recovery from toxic insult
All of the following are asso w/ neuropathies except…
A. Cyanide
B. Organic mercury
C. Doxirubicin
D. Gold
D. Gold
The neurotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics is manifested as…
A. Hearing loss
B. Visual field defects
C. Cognitive dysfunction
D. Peripheral neuropathy
A. Hearing loss
Encephalopathy after acute exposure and peripheral neuropathy after chronic exposure has been asso w/ …
A. Methanol
B. Phenytoin
C. Arsenic
D. 6-aminonicotinamide
C. Arsenic
Encephalopalthy has been asso w/ all of the following except…
A. Streptomycin
B. Lead
C. Aluminum
D. Carbon monoxide
A. Streptomycin
Which of the following toxicant-toxicity pairs is incorrect?
A. Aluminum-nystagmus
B. Lead-IQ
C. Inorganic mercury - tremor
D. Manganese-Parkinson’s disease
A. Aluminum-nystagmus
All of the following are asso w/ axonopathies except…
A. N-hexane
B. isoniazid
C. Nitrofurantoin
D. Nicotine
D. Nicotine
Which of the following toxicant-toxic results pairs is incorrect?
A. Metronidazole-seisures
B. Lithium-ataxia
C. Colchicine-blindness
D. Dapsone-peripherial neuropathy
C. Colchicine-blindness
Which of the following are asso w/ myelinopathies except…
A. Carbon disulfide-waltzing syndrome
B. tri-o-cresyl phosphate-OP-induced delayed neurotoxicity
C. Acrylamide-peripheral neuropathy
D. Pyridinethione-used in shampoos
A. Carbon disulfide-waltzing syndrome
All of the following are asso w/ myelinopathies except…
A. Aminodarone
B. Cisplatin
C. Perhexiline
D. Tellurium
B. Cisplatin
The neurotoxicity of cocaine is mediated by…
A. Blockade of cholinergic receptors
B. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors
C. Alterations in striatal dopamine receptors
D. Stimulation of NMDA receptors
C. Alterations in striatal dopamine receptors
One cause for hepatic encephalopathy is excessive brain levels of…
A. Ammonia
B. Glucose
C. Free fatty acids
D. Glutathione
A. Ammonia
A theory for the neurotoxicity of metronidazole is that its metabolites closely resemble…
A. Niacin
B. Biotin
C. Vitamin B12
D. Thiamine
D. Thiamine
Exposure to fluoroacetate can occur through use of…
A. Fluoride toothpaste
B. Freon
C. 5-fluorouricil
D. Halothane
C. 5-fluorouricil
Nicotine receptors are located in all of the following areas except…
A. Ganglia
B. Pancreas
C. Neuromuscular junction
D. CNS
B. Pancreas
Chinese restaurant syndrome is thought to be due to consumption of excessive amounts of…
A. Tyramine
B. Glycine
C. Tyrosine
D. Glutamate
D. Glutamate
MPP+ is transported into the CNS by the same system that transports….
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. Dopamine
D. Free fatty acids
C. Dopamine
Peripheral neuropathies from axonopathies are first to involve…
A. Midline area of the body
B. Dorsal surface of arms and legs
C. Cranial nerves
D. Distal parts of hands and feet
D. Distal parts of hands and feet
Which of the following agents promotes the formation of microtubules instead of their depolarization?
A. Vincristine
B. Colchicine
C. Vinblastine
D. Paclitaxel
D. Paclitaxel
The mechanism of neurotoxicity for hexachlorophene is…
A. Depletion of CNS dopamine
B. Wallerian degeneration
C. Axonopathy
D. Intramyelinic edema
D. Intramyelinic edema
All of the following are true regarding HIV-associated dementia except….
A. Cocaine causes a synergistic neurotixicity
B. It can be attenuated by beta-estradiol
C. Amphetamine causes a synergistic neurotixicity
D. Cigarette use causes a synergistic neurotixicity
D. Cigarette use causes a synergistic neurotixicity
Which of the following is classified as an amphetamine?
A. MDMA
B. cocaine
C. Phenylephedrine
D. Pseudoephedrine,
A. MDMA
The main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain is…
A. Acetylcholine
B. glycine
C. Tryptophan
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
MPTP is converted to a charged ion by…
A. MAO-B
B. MAO-A
C. COMT
D. dopa-decaboxylase
A. MAO-B
Solvent neurotoxicity to the CNS correlates with…
A. Boiling point
B. Vapor pressure
C. Lipid solubility
D. None of the above
C. Lipid solubility
A trigeminal neuropathy could result from chronic exposure to….
A. Benzene
B. Lead
C. Dioxin
D. Trichloroethylene
D. Trichloroethylene
All of the following are neurologic consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning except…
A. Carotid artery occlusion
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Residual memory defects
D. MRI abnormalities in subcortical white matter
A. Carotid artery occlusion
Nitrous oxide can cause neurotoxicity by interfering with…
A. Vitamin B6
B. Vitamin B12
C. Folic acid
D. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
Which of the following is least useful in the evaluation of a patient with neurotixicity?
A. Nerve conduction study
B. MRI
C. Aspartate transaminase
D. Neuropsychological testing
C. Aspartate transaminase
All of the following are true regarding exposure to a neurotoxic agent except…
A. Parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade
B. Muscarinic and nicotinic overstimulation
C. Parasympathetic blockade
D. Sympathetic blockade
B. Muscarinic and nicotinic overstimulation
All of the following are true regarding neurotoxic agents except…
A. They are typically associated with a focal or asymetrical syndrome
B. Toxicity is usually dose related
C. There are strong temporal relationships
D. A single toxin/toxicant can be asso w/ multiple neurologic syndromes
A. They are typically associated with a focal or asymetrical syndrome
A toxicant exposure combined with age-related attrition of neurons is a possible explanation for all of the following except…
A. Parkinson’s Disease
B. Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. Alzheimer’s dementia
C. Multiple sclerosis
Statins and ethanol are both asso w/…
A. Cranial nerve palsy
B. multiple sclerosis
C. Myopathy
D. Neurotransmitter-associated toxicity
C. Myopathy
Which of the following statements is true regarding polyneuropathies?
A. Nerve biopsy is always necessary for proper diagnosis
B. About 50% to 60% of cases remain undiagnosed after medical investigation
C. There are no nontoxic causes for polyneuropathy
D. Neurologic deficits are often more pronounced in the hands compared to the feet.
B. About 50% to 60% of cases remain undiagnosed after medical investigation
Which of the following has the highest energy requirement to perform normal function?
A. CNS
B. Astrocyte
C. Schwann cell
D. Oligode drocyte
A. CNS
All of the following statements are true except…
A. A single nerve cell can extend to over 1 meter
B. the Nissl substance is the site of protein synthesis in neurons
C. The central and peripheral nervous systems have equal regenerative abilities
D. The blood-brain barrier is incompletely developed at birth
C. The central and peripheral nervous systems have equal regenerative abilities
The cell type responsible for formation of myelin in the CNS is…
A. Schwann cell
B. Oligodendrocyte
C. Glia cell
D. Stellate cell
B. Oligodendrocyte
Trimethytin produces a/an…
A. Neuropathy
B. axonopathy
C. Myelinopathy
D. Blockade of neurotransmitter uptake
A. Neuropathy
The identical axonopathy produced by n-hexane is also produced by…
A. Methylmercury
B. Benzene
C. Methyl n-butyl ketone
D. Hexachlorophene
C. Methyl n-butyl ketone
Covalent cross-linking of neurofilaments is thought to underlie the nervous system toxicity of…
A. Vincristine and vinblastine
B. aminodarone and tellurium
C. Lead and mercury
D. Carbon disulfide and n-hexane
D. Carbon disulfide and n-hexane
The human neuropathy of lead is unique in that…
A. It is reversible with vitamin B6 uptake
B. It affects children and not adults
C. It presents with predominantly motor symptoms
D. There is no clear dose-response relationship
C. It presents with predominantly motor symptoms
The cell that appears to be a primary means of defense against toxicant exposure in the CNS is…
A. Astrocyte
B. Schwann cell
C. Oligodendrocyte
D. Wallerian cells
A. Astrocyte
All of the following produce neurotransmission-associated neurotoxicity expect..
A. Nicotine
B. Metronidazole
C. Cocaine
D. Amphetamine
B. Metronidazole
A domoic acid exposure in Canada caused a neurological syndrome because domoic acid is an analog of…
A. Glycine
B. Glutamate
C. GABA
D. Nicotine
B. Glutamate
All of the following are true of excitatory neurotransmitters except…
A. Their toxicity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease
B. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
C. Kainate is 100x more potent than glutamate
D. Benzodiazepines block excitatory amino acid receptor
D. Benzodiazepines block excitatory amino acid receptor
A meperidine derivative that is neurotoxic is…
A. GABA
B. MPTP
C. GHB
D. PCP
B. MPTP
A common toxicologic mechanism for chemicals causing Parkinson’s disease is…
A. Mitosis arrest
B. Impairment of sodium influx
C. Mitochondrial dysfunction
D. Similarity to endogenous amino acids
C. Mitochondrial dysfunction
The neurotoxic metabolite of MPTP…
A. Crosses the BBB by active transport
B. Is formed in astrocytes by MAO-B
C. Is a free radical
D. None of the above
B. Is formed in astrocytes by MAO-B
All of the following are developmental neurotoxicants except…
A. Lead
B. Ethanol
C. Folic acid
D. Methylmercury
C. Folic acid
Toxicant-induced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been caused by…
A. Aluminum
B. MPTP
C. paraquat
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Bilirubin and hexachlorophene are most toxic to a/an…
A. Premature infant
B. Newborn
C. Immunosuppressed individual
D. Elderly individual
A. Premature infant
Amantadine is asso w/…
A. Withdrawal seizures
B. Psychosis
C. Psychosis
D. Mania
C. Psychosis
Clarithromycin is asso w/ …
A. Mania
B. VIII cranial nerve toxicity
C. Conc-related seizures
D. Depression
A. Mania
Beta-adrenergic blockers are asso w/ …
A. Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
B. muscle toxicity
C. Psychosis
D. Depression
D. Depression
Carbon monoxide is asso w/ …
A. Muscle toxicity
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
D. Withdrawal seizures
B. Parkinson’s disease
Merperidine metabolite asso w/ …
A. Psychosis
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Conc-related seizure disorder
D. Muscle toxicity
C. Conc-related seizure disorder
Lovastatin is asso w/ ….
A. Muscle toxicity
B. Mania
C. Muscle toxicity
D. Depression
C. Muscle toxicity
Barbituates are asso w/ …
A. Mania
B. depression
C. Psychosis
D. Withdrawal seizures
D. Withdrawal seizures
Salicylates are asso w/…
A. Depression
B. VIII cranial nerve toxicity
C. Muscle toxicity
D. Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
B. VIII cranial nerve toxicity
Clostridium tetani toxin is asso w/…
A. Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
B. Muscle toxicity
C. Mania
D. Psychosis
A. Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
