Chapter 20 - Chemical and Solvent Toxicology Flashcards
Which of the following can affect the toxicity of solvents?
A. Time of day
B. Diet
C. Physical activity
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
All of the following are inducers of P450 2E1 except…
A. Acetone
B. Ethanol
C. Isoniazid
D. Phenobarbital
D. Phenobarbital
A metabolite of trichloroethylene that is also a metabolite of a marketed sedative for children is…
A. Trichloroethylene epoxide
B. Trichloroethanol
C. Trichloromethane
D. Dichlorethylene
B. Trichloroethanol
The strongest asso between high exposure to trichloroethylene and human cancer has been…
A. Malignant melanoma
B. Astrocytoma
C. Renal cell carcinoma
D. Osteosarcoma
C. Renal cell carcinoma
An unusual feature of methylene chloride metabolism is…
A. It is auto-inducing
B. A metabolite is carbon monoxide
C. There are no P450-mediated pathways
D. It is metabolized to hydrochloric acid, which causes metabolic acidosis
B. A metabolite is carbon monoxide
The strongest association between exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and human disease is…
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Infertility in men
C. Biliary stasis
D. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Infertility in men
Methyl tert-butyl ether…
A. Was present in gasoline up to 15% by volume
B. Causes cancer in animals
C. Is present in ground water
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Jet fuels…
A. Are predominantly ethers
B. Are highly toxic to the skin, lungs and immune system
C. Are highly renal toxic in humans
D. All of the above
B. Are highly toxic to the skin, lungs and immune system
All of the following are true of carbon disulfide except…
A. It is associated with cognitive impairment
B. It is a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease
C. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels are biomarkers of exposure
D. It is a product of disulfiram metabolism
C. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels are biomarkers of exposure
All of the following class generalizations for hydrocarbon toxicity are correct except…
A. Amines/amides-sensitizers
B. Aldehydes-irritants
C. Decreased lipophilicity-increased CNS depression
D. Unsaturated, short chain-animal carcinogens
C. Decreased lipophilicity-increased CNS depression
A unique challenge in evaluating solvent toxicology is that many solvents are…
A. Flammable
B. Mixtures
C. Expensive
D. Ubiquitous in the environment
B. Mixtures
All of the following are true in solvent abuse except…
A. The blood-brain barrier causes a significant delay between blood levels and brain levels
B. Almost 20% of eighth graders admit to abusing inhalants
C. There is a potential for dependence
D. Death can occur by cardiac arrhythmia
A. The blood-brain barrier causes a significant delay between blood levels and brain levels
All of the following statements are true of volatile organic compounds except…
A. VOCs entering the lung are absorbed into the arterial circulation
B. VOCs absorbed through the intestine mainly enter the portal circulation
C. Low doses of many VOCs are metabolized by cytochrome 2D6
D. The major routes of elimination of VOCs are metabolism and exhalation
C. Low doses of many VOCs are metabolized by cytochrome 2D6
Chronic isopropyl alcohol exposure can potentiate carbon tetrachloride hepatorenal toxicity by…
A. Additive direct toxic effects
B. Induction of metabolism
C. Increased absorption
D. Decreased first-pass effect
B. Induction of metabolism
True statements regarding gender differences in solvent disposition include all of the following except…
A. Males have more lean body mass
B. Females have smaller volumes of distribution for polar solvents
C. Females have higher activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
D. There are no major differences in P450 metabolism between males and females
C. Females have higher activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
Theories for alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity include all of the following except…
A. Release of endotoxin
B. Binding to the estrogen receptor
C. Malnutrition
D. Release of inflammatory mediators by Kupffer cells
B. Binding to the estrogen receptor
The site of toxicity for methanol appears to be…
A. Retinal P450 2E1
B. Retinal alcohol dehydrogenase
C. Retinal aldehyde dehydrogenase
D. Retinal cytochrome c oxidase
D. Retinal cytochrome c oxidase
The treatment for methanol toxicity can include…
A. Dialysis
B. Sodium bicarbonate
C. Methylpyrazole
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Ethylene glycol causes…
A. Acute renal toxicity
B. Peripheral neuropathy
C. Hypercalcemia
D. All of the above
A. Acute renal toxicity
Propylene glycol…
A. Causes reproductive toxicity
B. is “generally recognized as safe”
C. Is metabolized to oxalic acid
D. Has a major metabolite whose formation cannot be inhibited by ethanol
B. is “generally recognized as safe”
Metabolites of toluene include all of the following except…
A. Hippuric acid
B. Phenol
C. Benzoic acid
D. Benzyl alcohol
B. Phenol
The primary toxic target organ for toluene is…
A. Liver
B. Lung
C. CNS
D. Adrenal gland
C. CNS
Xylene is…
A. Present in gasoline
B. Primarily a CNS toxicant
C. Not genotoxic
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Populations with a low level of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase would be expected to have…
A. Increased risk of alcoholism
B. Increased risk of cancer
C. Increased risk of offspring with fetal alcohol syndrome
D. None of the above
B. Increased risk of cancer
Styrene…
A. Is a solid at RT
B. Is chemically divinyl benzene
C. A definite human respiratory tract carcinogen
D. None of the above
D. None of the above