Chapter 6 Flashcards
knowledge of anatomy helps to communicate correct info: to other … to others hwo many not understand medical terms
medical professionals
… serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath
superficial landmarks
… anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position–> patient stands facing you, arms at side, .. forward
topographic; palms
planes of the body: imaginary straight lines that divide the body
… (…) plane: divides body front and back
… (..) plane: divides body top and bottom
… (…) plane: divides body left and right
coronal; frontal; transverse; axial; sagittal; lateral
(skeletal system) the skeleton gives us our recognizable human form, protects vital …, contains: …, …, …, and ..
internal organs; bones; ligaments; tendons; cartilage
(skeletal system) … bones constitute the structure of the skeletal system
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(skeletal system) … connect bones to each other
… connect muscles to bones
… smooth connective tissue covering the ends of bones at mobile joints
ligaments; tendons cartilage
(skeletal system) axial skeleton: foundation to which the … and … are attached. it includes: …, … and …
arms and legs; skull; spinal column; thorax
(skeletal system) skull consists of …, made up of .. bones, and …, made up of … bones
cranium; 4; face; 14
(skeletal system) cranium: protects the …
consists of:
… (posterior portion)
… bones (lateral portions)
… bone (located between temporal lobes and occiput)
… bone (forehead)
brain; occiput; temporal; parietal; frontal
(skeletal system) facial bones consist of:
upper, nonmovable .. (…)
… (…)
lower, movable portion of .. (…)
… (eye sockets) include zygomas, maxillae, and frontal bones of cranium very short bones that form the … of the nose
jawbones; maxillae; cheekbones; zygomas; jaw; mandible; orbits; bridge
(skeletal system) spinal column: composed of .. vertebrae divided into 5 sections
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(skeletal system)
cervical spine (…) has .. vertebrae
thoracic spine (…) has one pair of ribs attached to each of the .. vertebrae
the lumbar spine (…) has .. vertebrae
the sacrum (back wall of …) consists of … fused vertebrae that join the pelvis
the coccyx (…) consists of … fused vertebrae
neck; 7; upper back; 12; lower back; 5; pelvis; 5; tailbone; 4
(skeletal system) thorax: formed by 12 … and 12 … a
the thoracic cavity contains:
…, …, …, and …
thoracic vertebrae; pairs of ribs; heart; lungs; esophagus; great vessles
(skeletal system) thorax–> midline of chest is the
sternum
(skeletal system) the … skeleton: arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis
appendicular skeleton
(skeletal system) joints: occur wherever bones come in … –> consist of end of bones and surrounding connecting/supporting tissues
hinge joint: motion restricted to … and to … (bending and extension)
ball-and-socket joint: allows … and ..
contact; one plane; flexion; rotation; bending
(skeletal system) upper extremities:
composed of …, …,… nad … -> extends from shoulder girdle to fingertips
arms; forearms; hands; fingers
(skeletal system) shoulder girdle is where three bones come together: … (collarbone), … (shoulder blade), … (supporting bone of arm)
clavicle; scapula; humerus
(skeletal system) arm: … is the supporting bone
forearm: … on lateral side, … on medial side
humerus; radias; ulna
(skeletal system) wrist and hand:
… joint
principal bones: …, … (extend from the first and make up hand), and … (fingers comprised of these)
ball-and-socket; carpals; metacarpals; phalanges
(skeletal system) pelvis: closed bony ring consisting of three bones:
…
two … bones: each of these is formed by fusion of the …, …, and …
sacrum; pelvic; ilium; ischium; pubis
(skeletal system) pelvis–> posteriorly, the ilium, ischium and pubis bones are joined by the …,
anteriorly, the … is where the right and left pubis are joined by a hard bony and cartilaginous joint with minimal motion
sacrum; pubic symphysis
(skeletal system) lower extremities
main components: …, …, and …
thigh; leg; foot
(skeletal system) femur (…): connects into pelvic girdle by … joing
longest and one of strongest bones in body
… is where the femur connects into the … (the pelvic girdle)
thighbone; ball-and-socket; femoral head; acetabulum
(skeletal system) knee connects upper leg to lower leg: … joint
kneecap is the …
hinge; patella
(skeletal system) lower leg consists of .. (shinbone) and …
tibia; fibula
(skeletal system) ankle is a … joint; allows flexion/extension of foto
foot consists of 7 .. bones, 5 … bones, toes formed by …
hinge; tarsal; metatarsal; phalanges
(skeletal system) functions: gives the body its ... protects .. allows for ... stores ... helps create ...
shape; fragile organs; movement; calcium; blood cells
(musculoskeletal system) musculoskeletal system provides: ... ... .. protection for vital ...
form; upright posture; movement; internal organs
(musculoskeletal system)
3 types of muscle:
… (..) muscle: attaches to the bones of the skeleton and forms major muscle mass of the body; under direct voluntary control of brain
… muscle is found within blood vessels and intestines
… muscle is found only in heart
skeletal; voluntary; smooth; cardiac
(musculoskeletal system) movement of the body results from … contraction/relaxation
skeletal muscle
(musculoskeletal system) contraction and relaxation of this system makes it possible to … and manipulate the …; a by-product of this movement is …
another function of muscles is to protect the …
move; enviro; heat; structures under them
(respiratory system) respiratory system consists of structures of body that contribute to … (the process of breathing)
respiration
(respiratory system) upper airway: ... ... (oral cavity) ... ... (mandible) ... ... ... ...
nose; mouth; tongue; jaw; larynx; pharynx; trachea; esophagus
(respiratory system) pharynx consists of:
…
…
…
nasopharynx; oropharynx (throat); laryngopharynx
(respiratory system) trachea is the … and is located at the bottom of the …
windpipe; pharynx;
(respiratory system) … is a thin, leaf shaped flap that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea
epiglottis
(respiratory system) esophagus is immediately … to trachea
posterior
(respiratory system) … is the dividing line between the upper and lower airways
larynx
(respiratory system) lower airway:
… cartilage (Adam’s apple): forms the anterior part of the …
… cartilage: lies immediately below thyroid cartilage
… membrane: lies between thyroid and cricoid cartilage
thyroid; larynx; cricoid; cricothyroid
(respiratory system) lower airway continued:
trachea: lies below the …
ends at the …, dividing into right and left … leading to …
cricoid cartilage; carina; bronchi; bronchioles
(respiratory system) lungs: divided into … –> contain .., …, and …, the last of these allows for gas exchange
lobes; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
(respiratory system) the … and … muscles are primary muscles of breathing
diaphragm; intercostal
(respiratory system) diaphragm divides the .. fromt he …
intercostal muscles: during inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles .., moving ribs up and out, enlarging the .., decreasing pressure in lungs and moving air in
during exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles .., decreasing chest cavity, increasing pressure in lungs, and moving air out
thorax; abdomen; contract; chest cavity; relax
(respiratory system) other muscles involved in breathing:
neck (… muscles)
… muscles
… muscles
cervical; abdominal; pectoral
(respiratory system) functions to provide the body with … and eliminate …
… and .. are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system
oxygen; carbon dioxide; ventilation; respiration
respiration: the exchange of … and … in alveoli and tissues–> provides oxygen to cells and removes waste CO2
…: the passive process in which oxygen molecules move from an area with a higher [] of molecules to an area of lower []
oxygen; CO2; diffusion
(respiratory system) the … controls breathing if the level of CO2/ O2 in arterial blood is too high/ too low–> … initiates the ventilation cycle when stimulated by high CO2 levels
brainstem; medulla
(respiratory system) …: simple air movement into and out of the lungs
ventilation
(respiratory system) ….: the amount of air that is moved into/out of the lungs during a single brerath
tidal volume
(respiratory system) … volume: the ga that remains int he lungs to keep them open
residual
(respiratory system) …: the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space
… * … = this value
minute volume; respiratory rate; tidal volume
(respiratory system) normal breathing:
normal … and … (tidal vol)
regular .. or … of inhalation and exhalation
clear, audible breath sounds on both …
regular … and .. movement on both sides of the chest
movement of the. ..
rate; depth; rhythm; pattern; sides of chest; rise; fall; abdomen
(respiratory system) inadequate breathing patterns: ... breathing muscle .. ...,.., ..., ... skin .. position ... (gasping breaths)
labored; retractions; pale; cyanotic; cool; damp; tripod; agonal
(circulatory system) a complex arrangement of connected tubes:' ... ... ... ... ...
arteries; arterioles; capillaries; venules; veins
(circulatory system) twp circuits:
… circulation: carrie ox rich blood from left ventricle through the BODY and back to the right atrium
… circulation: carries ox poor blood from the right ventricle through the LUNGS and back to the left atrium
systemic; pulmonary
(circulatory system) the heart: made of specialized ... muscle works as two paired ... ... divides right and left sides each side is divided into: ... (upper chamber) ... (lower chamber)
cardiac; pumps; septum; atrium; ventricle
(circulatory system) circulation:
the heart receives its blood from the …
the right side receives … blood from the …
the left side receives … blood from the …
aorta; deoxygenated; veins; oxygenated; lungs
(circulatory system) oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the … into the left side of the heart and is pumped into the aorta and then to the arteries of the body
pulmonary veins
(circulatory system) normal adult resting heart rate: .. to … beats/min
60; 100
(circulatory system) …: amount of blood moved by one beat
stroke volume
(circulatory system) …: amount of blood moved in 1 minute
CO = … * …
cardiac output; heart rate; stroke volume
(circulatory system) the heart–> electrical conduction system causes smooth, coordinated … which produce the … action
contractions; pumping
(circulatory system) a network of specialized tissue that is capable of initiating and conducting … runs throughout the heart. electrical impulses begin high in the … at the … node, travel to the … node and bundle of … and then move through the … fibers to the ventricles
electricity; atria; sinoatrial (SA) node; atrioventricular (AV); His; Purkinje
(circulatory system) arteries carry blood from the heart to all …
pulmonary artery: carries oxygen-poor blood to the …
arteries branch into smaller … and then into … which branch into smaller vessels until they connect to the …
body tissues; lungs; arteries; arterioles; capillaries
(circulatory system) aorta is the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the …, has many branches that supply the vital organs
body
(circulatory system) pulse created by forceful pumping of blood out of the … and into the …
palpated most easily at the …, … or …
left ventricle; major arteries; neck; wrist; groin
(circulatory system) capillaries connect … to … and allow contact between … and …
arterioles; venules; blood; cells
(circulatory system) oxygen and nutrients pass from blood cells and plasma in the … to the individual tissue cells through the very thin walls of the capillaries
capillaries
(circulatory system) veins return … blood to the heart
oxygen-depleted
(circulatory system) the major veins:
the … carries blood returning from head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities
the … carries blood from abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities
superior vena cava; inferior vena cava
(circulatory system) spleen: … organ located under the rib cage that … blood
is particularly susceptible to … from blunt trauma which can lead to severe internal bleeding
solid; filters; injury
(circulatory system) spleen is highly
vascular
(circulatory system) blood composition ... (liquid) ... (erythrocytes) ... (leukocytes) ...
plasma; red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets
(circulatory system) plasma contains: ... (primary component) ... (primary component) .., .., ... ... cellular ...
water; proteins; oxygen; CO2; N2; nutrients; wastes
(circulatory system) physiology::
…: the pressure blood exerts against the walls of the arteries –> .. occurs when the left ventricle contracts, … occurs when the left ventricle relaxes
blood pressure; systole; diastole
(circulatory system) when the left ventricle of heart contracts, it pumps blood from the … into the … (systole)
when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with … (diastole)
ventricle; aorta; blood
(circulatory system) forceful ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta is transmitted through the arteries as a … that can be measured with a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer)
systolic blood pressure: … point of wave as heart is contracting
diastolic blood pressure: … point of wave as heart is relaxing
pulsatile pressure wave; high; low
(circulatory system) normal circulation in adults:
automatically … and …
…: circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells
blood enters organs and tissues through … and leaves through ..
adjusted; controlled; perfusion; arteries; veins
(circulatory system) inadequate circulation in adults:
the system can adjust to small blood loss–> vessels .. and heart pumps more …
with a large loss, adjustment …, and the patient goes into …
constrict; rapidly; fails; shock
(circulatory system) functions of blood: ... transporting ... transporting ... transporting ... and ... ... (...)
perfusion; oxygen; CO2; wastes; nutrients; clotting; coagulation
(the nervous system) the nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ system in the body:
divided into two main portions: … and …
central nervous system (CNS); peripheral nervous system
(the nervous system) brain: controlling organ of the body
subdivisions: .., …, and …
cerebrum; cerebellum; brain stem
(the nervous system) CNS consists of the … and …
brain; spinal cord
(the nervous system) cerebrum: … part of the brain
four lobes, each responsible for a specific function such as hearing, balance, and speech
largest
(the nervous system) cerebellum: coordinates …
brain stem: controls … necessary for .., including cardiac and respiratory functions and regulation of consciousness
body movements; body functions; life
(the nervous system) spinal cord: continuation of the brain, transmits messages between … and …
brain; body
(the nervous system) … (CSF) cushions the brain and the spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
(the nervous system) peripheral nervous system:
Links the CNS to the various … of the body
divided into two parts: … and … nervous system
organs; somatic; autonomic
(the nervous system) somatic nervous system: transmits signals from … to … –> .., allows for activities such as walking, talking and writing
brain; voluntary muscles; voluntary
(the nervous system) autonomic nervous system (…): controls … actions necessary for basic body functions such as digestion, dilation, and constriction of blood vessels
split into two areas:
… nervous system (…)
… nervous system (…)
involuntary; involuntary; sympathetic; fight-or-flight; parasympathetic; slows body
(the nervous system) two types of nerves within peripheral nervous system
… nerves cary info from the body to the CNS
… nerves carry info from the CNS to the muscles
sensory; motor
(integumentary system) two layers: ... (superficial) ... (deeper) below the skin lies .. tissue--> .. that insulates and serves as ...
epidermis; dermis; subcutaneous; fat; energy reservoir
(integumentary system) the epidermis composed of several layers of cells
… layer: produces new cells
… layer: surface layer of dead cells skin cells are constantly being …
germinal; stratum corneal; replaced
(integumentary system) dermis: contains special structures of the skin--> ... glands ... glands ... ... ...
sweat; sebaceous; hair follicles; blood vessels; mucous membranes
(integumentary system) the .. is the largest single organ in the body
skin
(integumentary system) three major functions of this system:
protect the body in the …
regulate … –> … is secreted to the skin surface from the … glands
transmit info from the … to the …
environment; body temp; sweat; sweat; enviro; brain
(digestive system) digestion: processing of food that … the cells –> also called the .. system
nourishes; gastrointestinal
(digestive system) abdomen: the second major ..
contains major organs of … and …
… are the easiest way to identify areas: right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
body cavity; digestion; excretion; quadrants
(digestive system) RUQ of abdomen contains the …, … and a portion of the …
liver; gallbladder; colon
(digestive system) LUQ contains the …, .., and a portion of the …
stomach; spleen; colon
(digestive system) RLQ: contains two portions of the … (… and …)
large intestine; cecum; ascending colon
(digestive system) LLQ contains the … and .. portions of the …
descending; sigmoid; colon
(digestive system) the …, …, …, and … lie in more than one quadrant
small intestine; pancreas; large intestine; urinary bladder
(digestive system) mouth: lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue and … glands
salivary
(digestive system) …: tubular structure that extends from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
oropharynx
(digestive system) …: collapsible tube about 10 inches long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach
muscles in this propel food to the stomach
esophagus
(digestive system) …: hollow organ in LUQ–> receives food, stores it, and provides for its movement into the bowel
stomach
(digestive system) …: flat, … organ that lies below and behind the liver and stomach
pancreas; solid
(digestive system) pancreas contains two portions: exocrine and endocrine
the exocrine portion secretes … containing enzymes that aid in digestion of .., …, and …
the endocrine portion (…) produces … and …
pancreatic juice; fat; starch; protein; islets of Langerhans; insulin; glucagon
(digestive system) …: large, solid organ immediately behind the diaphragm in the RUQ, extending into the LUQ, contains bile ducts
liver
(digestive system) functions of liver:
filtering … substances
forming the factors needed for …a nd normal … production
storing … or … for immediate use by the body for energy
producing bile to assist with the digestion of ..
harmful; blood clotting; plasma; sugar; starch; fat
(digestive system) ..: major hollow organ of the abdomen that produces enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion
small intestine
(digestive system) small intestine composed of the …, …, and …
duodenum; jejunum; ileum
(digestive system) …: major hollow organ consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum; the major function of the colon is to absorb the final 5-10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool
large intestine
(digestive system) …: a 3-4- in long tube that opens into the cecum in the RLQ of the abdomen
appendix
(digestive system) …: large, hollow organ at the lowermost end of the colon adapted to hold quantities of feces until it is expelled; at its terminal end is the …
rectum; anus
(digestive system) physiology:
enzymes are added to food by salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small intestine, converting food into …, …, and …
These products are carried across wall of intestine to the .. and processed further and stored/transported to the heart
circulated via blood throughout the body
basic sugars; fatty acids; amino acids; liver
(lymphatic system) supports the circulatory and immune systems
lymph carries … and … to cells and … away
helps rid body of .. and other harmful materials
oxygen; nutrients; waste products; toxins
(lymphatic system) lymphatic system consists of:
…
.. : tiny, oval-shaped structures that filter lymph
..
…: form a network throughout the body that serves as an auxiliary to the circulatory system
…
other components
spleen; lymph nodes; lymph; lymph vessels; thymus gland
(endocrine system) complex message and control system that integrates many body functions
.. released directly into the bloodstream, each of which has a specific effect on some organ, tissue, or process
each endocrine gland produces one or more hormones
hormones
(endocrine system) the … controls release of hormones. –> uses primary and secondary feedback loops to keep body in balance
excesses/deficiencies of hormones can cause ..
brain; disease
(urinary system) controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the ... functions of urinary system: controls ... in the body filters and eliminates wastes controls .. balance
kidneys; fluid balance; pH
(urinary system) consists of …, … and …
kidneys; ureter; urinary bladder
(urinary system) kidneys are two .. organs that lie in retroperitoneal space; rid the blood of toxic waste products and control the balance of water and salt; a … passes from each and drains into the bladder
the bladder is immediately behind pubic symphysiss in pelvic cavity and empties through …
solid; ureter; urethra
(genital system) controsl reproduction male: ... ... ... ... gland ... vesicles ... lies outside pelvic cavity expect for seminal vesicles and prostrate gand
testes; epididymis; vas deferens; prostate gland; seminal vesicles; penis
(genital system) female: ... ... tubes ... .. ... contained entirely within pelvic cavity except for clitoris and labia
ovaries; fallopian; uterus; cervix; vagin a
All cells in body require oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste.
The ..and …systems are the carriers of these supplies and wastes.
If …occurs, cells become damaged and die.
respiratory; circulatory; interference
Cells use oxygen to turn nutrients into chemical energy through metabolism.
… is used to store energy.
Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen.
Cells switch to … when oxygen is limited
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP); anaerobic metabolism
… The study of functional changes that occur when the body reacts to disease
pathophysiology
Respiratory compromise can lead to:
… and …
Hypoxia
Hypercarbia
Factors that impair ventilation: ...airway Impairment of the ...of breathing ...obstruction of the airway (asthma) Other factors
Blocked; muscles; Physiologic
Factors that impair respiration:
Change in …
High …
Impaired movement of the gas across the ..
atmosphere; altitudes; cell membrane
Effects of respiratory compromise on the body:
Oxygen levels ..and carbon dioxide levels …
Respiratory rate …
Blood becomes more ….
The brain sends commands to the body to ….
.fall; rise; increases; acidic; breathe
Shock
1. A condition in which organs and tissue receive an inadequate flow of ...and ... 2. Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia, which leads to ..., ...production, and organ dysfunction. 3. Shock is categorized into several types depending on the cause.
blood; oxygen; anaerobic metabolism; lactic acid;
Effects of shock on the body:
Level of oxygen supplied to tissues falls
Cells engage in anaerobic metabolism
Severe … ensues
… initiate release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Heart rate increases
… moves into the capillaries
metabolic acidosis; baroreceptors; Interstitial fluid
impairment of cell mettab results in inability to properly use … and … at cellular level
brain cells can’t use alternative fuels
Cellular injury, up to a point, may be repairable if normal tissue …is restored.
oxygen; glucose; perfusion
