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Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

knowledge of anatomy helps to communicate correct info: to other … to others hwo many not understand medical terms

A

medical professionals

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2
Q

… serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath

A

superficial landmarks

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3
Q

… anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position–> patient stands facing you, arms at side, .. forward

A

topographic; palms

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4
Q

planes of the body: imaginary straight lines that divide the body
… (…) plane: divides body front and back
… (..) plane: divides body top and bottom
… (…) plane: divides body left and right

A

coronal; frontal; transverse; axial; sagittal; lateral

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5
Q

(skeletal system) the skeleton gives us our recognizable human form, protects vital …, contains: …, …, …, and ..

A

internal organs; bones; ligaments; tendons; cartilage

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6
Q

(skeletal system) … bones constitute the structure of the skeletal system

A

206

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7
Q

(skeletal system) … connect bones to each other
… connect muscles to bones
… smooth connective tissue covering the ends of bones at mobile joints

A

ligaments; tendons cartilage

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8
Q

(skeletal system) axial skeleton: foundation to which the … and … are attached. it includes: …, … and …

A

arms and legs; skull; spinal column; thorax

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9
Q

(skeletal system) skull consists of …, made up of .. bones, and …, made up of … bones

A

cranium; 4; face; 14

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10
Q

(skeletal system) cranium: protects the …
consists of:
… (posterior portion)
… bones (lateral portions)
… bone (located between temporal lobes and occiput)
… bone (forehead)

A

brain; occiput; temporal; parietal; frontal

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11
Q

(skeletal system) facial bones consist of:
upper, nonmovable .. (…)
… (…)
lower, movable portion of .. (…)
… (eye sockets) include zygomas, maxillae, and frontal bones of cranium very short bones that form the … of the nose

A

jawbones; maxillae; cheekbones; zygomas; jaw; mandible; orbits; bridge

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12
Q

(skeletal system) spinal column: composed of .. vertebrae divided into 5 sections

A

33

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13
Q

(skeletal system)
cervical spine (…) has .. vertebrae
thoracic spine (…) has one pair of ribs attached to each of the .. vertebrae
the lumbar spine (…) has .. vertebrae
the sacrum (back wall of …) consists of … fused vertebrae that join the pelvis
the coccyx (…) consists of … fused vertebrae

A

neck; 7; upper back; 12; lower back; 5; pelvis; 5; tailbone; 4

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14
Q

(skeletal system) thorax: formed by 12 … and 12 … a
the thoracic cavity contains:
…, …, …, and …

A

thoracic vertebrae; pairs of ribs; heart; lungs; esophagus; great vessles

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15
Q

(skeletal system) thorax–> midline of chest is the

A

sternum

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16
Q

(skeletal system) the … skeleton: arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis

A

appendicular skeleton

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17
Q

(skeletal system) joints: occur wherever bones come in … –> consist of end of bones and surrounding connecting/supporting tissues
hinge joint: motion restricted to … and to … (bending and extension)
ball-and-socket joint: allows … and ..

A

contact; one plane; flexion; rotation; bending

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18
Q

(skeletal system) upper extremities:

composed of …, …,… nad … -> extends from shoulder girdle to fingertips

A

arms; forearms; hands; fingers

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19
Q

(skeletal system) shoulder girdle is where three bones come together: … (collarbone), … (shoulder blade), … (supporting bone of arm)

A

clavicle; scapula; humerus

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20
Q

(skeletal system) arm: … is the supporting bone

forearm: … on lateral side, … on medial side

A

humerus; radias; ulna

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21
Q

(skeletal system) wrist and hand:
… joint
principal bones: …, … (extend from the first and make up hand), and … (fingers comprised of these)

A

ball-and-socket; carpals; metacarpals; phalanges

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22
Q

(skeletal system) pelvis: closed bony ring consisting of three bones:
…
two … bones: each of these is formed by fusion of the …, …, and …

A

sacrum; pelvic; ilium; ischium; pubis

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23
Q

(skeletal system) pelvis–> posteriorly, the ilium, ischium and pubis bones are joined by the …,
anteriorly, the … is where the right and left pubis are joined by a hard bony and cartilaginous joint with minimal motion

A

sacrum; pubic symphysis

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24
Q

(skeletal system) lower extremities

main components: …, …, and …

A

thigh; leg; foot

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25
Q

(skeletal system) femur (…): connects into pelvic girdle by … joing
longest and one of strongest bones in body
… is where the femur connects into the … (the pelvic girdle)

A

thighbone; ball-and-socket; femoral head; acetabulum

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26
Q

(skeletal system) knee connects upper leg to lower leg: … joint
kneecap is the …

A

hinge; patella

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27
Q

(skeletal system) lower leg consists of .. (shinbone) and …

A

tibia; fibula

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28
Q

(skeletal system) ankle is a … joint; allows flexion/extension of foto
foot consists of 7 .. bones, 5 … bones, toes formed by …

A

hinge; tarsal; metatarsal; phalanges

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29
Q 
(skeletal system) functions: 
gives the body its ... 
protects .. 
allows for ... 
stores ... 
helps create ...
A

shape; fragile organs; movement; calcium; blood cells

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30
Q 
(musculoskeletal system) musculoskeletal system provides: 
... 
... 
.. 
protection for vital ...
A

form; upright posture; movement; internal organs

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31
Q

(musculoskeletal system)
3 types of muscle:
… (..) muscle: attaches to the bones of the skeleton and forms major muscle mass of the body; under direct voluntary control of brain
… muscle is found within blood vessels and intestines
… muscle is found only in heart

A

skeletal; voluntary; smooth; cardiac

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32
Q

(musculoskeletal system) movement of the body results from … contraction/relaxation

A

skeletal muscle

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33
Q

(musculoskeletal system) contraction and relaxation of this system makes it possible to … and manipulate the …; a by-product of this movement is …
another function of muscles is to protect the …

A

move; enviro; heat; structures under them

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34
Q

(respiratory system) respiratory system consists of structures of body that contribute to … (the process of breathing)

A

respiration

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35
Q 
(respiratory system) upper airway: 
... 
... (oral cavity)
... 
... (mandible)
... 
... 
...
...
A

nose; mouth; tongue; jaw; larynx; pharynx; trachea; esophagus

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36
Q

(respiratory system) pharynx consists of:
…
…
…

A

nasopharynx; oropharynx (throat); laryngopharynx

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37
Q

(respiratory system) trachea is the … and is located at the bottom of the …

A

windpipe; pharynx;

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38
Q

(respiratory system) … is a thin, leaf shaped flap that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea

A

epiglottis

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39
Q

(respiratory system) esophagus is immediately … to trachea

A

posterior

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40
Q

(respiratory system) … is the dividing line between the upper and lower airways

A

larynx

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41
Q

(respiratory system) lower airway:
… cartilage (Adam’s apple): forms the anterior part of the …
… cartilage: lies immediately below thyroid cartilage
… membrane: lies between thyroid and cricoid cartilage

A

thyroid; larynx; cricoid; cricothyroid

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42
Q

(respiratory system) lower airway continued:
trachea: lies below the …
ends at the …, dividing into right and left … leading to …

A

cricoid cartilage; carina; bronchi; bronchioles

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43
Q

(respiratory system) lungs: divided into … –> contain .., …, and …, the last of these allows for gas exchange

A

lobes; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli

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44
Q

(respiratory system) the … and … muscles are primary muscles of breathing

A

diaphragm; intercostal

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45
Q

(respiratory system) diaphragm divides the .. fromt he …
intercostal muscles: during inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles .., moving ribs up and out, enlarging the .., decreasing pressure in lungs and moving air in
during exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles .., decreasing chest cavity, increasing pressure in lungs, and moving air out

A

thorax; abdomen; contract; chest cavity; relax

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46
Q

(respiratory system) other muscles involved in breathing:
neck (… muscles)
… muscles
… muscles

A

cervical; abdominal; pectoral

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47
Q

(respiratory system) functions to provide the body with … and eliminate …
… and .. are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide; ventilation; respiration

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48
Q

respiration: the exchange of … and … in alveoli and tissues–> provides oxygen to cells and removes waste CO2
…: the passive process in which oxygen molecules move from an area with a higher [] of molecules to an area of lower []

A

oxygen; CO2; diffusion

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49
Q

(respiratory system) the … controls breathing if the level of CO2/ O2 in arterial blood is too high/ too low–> … initiates the ventilation cycle when stimulated by high CO2 levels

A

brainstem; medulla

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50
Q

(respiratory system) …: simple air movement into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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51
Q

(respiratory system) ….: the amount of air that is moved into/out of the lungs during a single brerath

A

tidal volume

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52
Q

(respiratory system) … volume: the ga that remains int he lungs to keep them open

A

residual

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53
Q

(respiratory system) …: the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space
… * … = this value

A

minute volume; respiratory rate; tidal volume

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54
Q

(respiratory system) normal breathing:
normal … and … (tidal vol)
regular .. or … of inhalation and exhalation
clear, audible breath sounds on both …
regular … and .. movement on both sides of the chest
movement of the. ..

A

rate; depth; rhythm; pattern; sides of chest; rise; fall; abdomen

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55
Q 
(respiratory system) inadequate breathing patterns: 
... breathing
muscle .. 
...,.., ..., ... skin 
.. position 
... (gasping breaths)
A

labored; retractions; pale; cyanotic; cool; damp; tripod; agonal

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56
Q 
(circulatory system) a complex arrangement of connected tubes:' 
...
...
...
... 
...
A

arteries; arterioles; capillaries; venules; veins

57
Q

(circulatory system) twp circuits:
… circulation: carrie ox rich blood from left ventricle through the BODY and back to the right atrium
… circulation: carries ox poor blood from the right ventricle through the LUNGS and back to the left atrium

A

systemic; pulmonary

58
Q 
(circulatory system) the heart: made of specialized ... muscle
works as two paired ... 
... divides right and left sides 
each side is divided into: 
... (upper chamber) 
... (lower chamber)
A

cardiac; pumps; septum; atrium; ventricle

59
Q

(circulatory system) circulation:
the heart receives its blood from the …
the right side receives … blood from the …
the left side receives … blood from the …

A

aorta; deoxygenated; veins; oxygenated; lungs

60
Q

(circulatory system) oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the … into the left side of the heart and is pumped into the aorta and then to the arteries of the body

A

pulmonary veins

61
Q

(circulatory system) normal adult resting heart rate: .. to … beats/min

A

60; 100

62
Q

(circulatory system) …: amount of blood moved by one beat

A

stroke volume

63
Q

(circulatory system) …: amount of blood moved in 1 minute

CO = … * …

A

cardiac output; heart rate; stroke volume

64
Q

(circulatory system) the heart–> electrical conduction system causes smooth, coordinated … which produce the … action

A

contractions; pumping

65
Q

(circulatory system) a network of specialized tissue that is capable of initiating and conducting … runs throughout the heart. electrical impulses begin high in the … at the … node, travel to the … node and bundle of … and then move through the … fibers to the ventricles

A

electricity; atria; sinoatrial (SA) node; atrioventricular (AV); His; Purkinje

66
Q

(circulatory system) arteries carry blood from the heart to all …
pulmonary artery: carries oxygen-poor blood to the …
arteries branch into smaller … and then into … which branch into smaller vessels until they connect to the …

A

body tissues; lungs; arteries; arterioles; capillaries

67
Q

(circulatory system) aorta is the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the …, has many branches that supply the vital organs

A

body

68
Q

(circulatory system) pulse created by forceful pumping of blood out of the … and into the …
palpated most easily at the …, … or …

A

left ventricle; major arteries; neck; wrist; groin

69
Q

(circulatory system) capillaries connect … to … and allow contact between … and …

A

arterioles; venules; blood; cells

70
Q

(circulatory system) oxygen and nutrients pass from blood cells and plasma in the … to the individual tissue cells through the very thin walls of the capillaries

A

capillaries

71
Q

(circulatory system) veins return … blood to the heart

A

oxygen-depleted

72
Q

(circulatory system) the major veins:
the … carries blood returning from head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities
the … carries blood from abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities

A

superior vena cava; inferior vena cava

73
Q

(circulatory system) spleen: … organ located under the rib cage that … blood
is particularly susceptible to … from blunt trauma which can lead to severe internal bleeding

A

solid; filters; injury

74
Q

(circulatory system) spleen is highly

A

vascular

75
Q 
(circulatory system) blood composition
... (liquid)
... (erythrocytes)
... (leukocytes) 
...
A

plasma; red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets

76
Q 
(circulatory system) plasma contains: 
... (primary component) 
... (primary component)
.., .., ... 
... 
cellular ...
A

water; proteins; oxygen; CO2; N2; nutrients; wastes

77
Q

(circulatory system) physiology::
…: the pressure blood exerts against the walls of the arteries –> .. occurs when the left ventricle contracts, … occurs when the left ventricle relaxes

A

blood pressure; systole; diastole

78
Q

(circulatory system) when the left ventricle of heart contracts, it pumps blood from the … into the … (systole)
when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with … (diastole)

A

ventricle; aorta; blood

79
Q

(circulatory system) forceful ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta is transmitted through the arteries as a … that can be measured with a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer)
systolic blood pressure: … point of wave as heart is contracting
diastolic blood pressure: … point of wave as heart is relaxing

A

pulsatile pressure wave; high; low

80
Q

(circulatory system) normal circulation in adults:
automatically … and …
…: circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells
blood enters organs and tissues through … and leaves through ..

A

adjusted; controlled; perfusion; arteries; veins

81
Q

(circulatory system) inadequate circulation in adults:
the system can adjust to small blood loss–> vessels .. and heart pumps more …
with a large loss, adjustment …, and the patient goes into …

A

constrict; rapidly; fails; shock

82
Q 
(circulatory system) functions of blood: 
... 
transporting ... 
transporting ... 
transporting ... and ... 
... (...)
A

perfusion; oxygen; CO2; wastes; nutrients; clotting; coagulation

83
Q

(the nervous system) the nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ system in the body:
divided into two main portions: … and …

A

central nervous system (CNS); peripheral nervous system

84
Q

(the nervous system) brain: controlling organ of the body

subdivisions: .., …, and …

A

cerebrum; cerebellum; brain stem

85
Q

(the nervous system) CNS consists of the … and …

A

brain; spinal cord

86
Q

(the nervous system) cerebrum: … part of the brain

four lobes, each responsible for a specific function such as hearing, balance, and speech

A

largest

87
Q

(the nervous system) cerebellum: coordinates …

brain stem: controls … necessary for .., including cardiac and respiratory functions and regulation of consciousness

A

body movements; body functions; life

88
Q

(the nervous system) spinal cord: continuation of the brain, transmits messages between … and …

A

brain; body

89
Q

(the nervous system) … (CSF) cushions the brain and the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

90
Q

(the nervous system) peripheral nervous system:
Links the CNS to the various … of the body
divided into two parts: … and … nervous system

A

organs; somatic; autonomic

91
Q

(the nervous system) somatic nervous system: transmits signals from … to … –> .., allows for activities such as walking, talking and writing

A

brain; voluntary muscles; voluntary

92
Q

(the nervous system) autonomic nervous system (…): controls … actions necessary for basic body functions such as digestion, dilation, and constriction of blood vessels
split into two areas:
… nervous system (…)
… nervous system (…)

A

involuntary; involuntary; sympathetic; fight-or-flight; parasympathetic; slows body

93
Q

(the nervous system) two types of nerves within peripheral nervous system
… nerves cary info from the body to the CNS
… nerves carry info from the CNS to the muscles

A

sensory; motor

94
Q 
(integumentary system)
two layers: 
... (superficial) 
... (deeper) 
below the skin lies .. tissue--> .. that insulates and serves as ...
A

epidermis; dermis; subcutaneous; fat; energy reservoir

95
Q

(integumentary system) the epidermis composed of several layers of cells
… layer: produces new cells
… layer: surface layer of dead cells skin cells are constantly being …

A

germinal; stratum corneal; replaced

96
Q 
(integumentary system) dermis: contains special structures of the skin--> 
... glands
... glands
... 
... 
...
A

sweat; sebaceous; hair follicles; blood vessels; mucous membranes

97
Q

(integumentary system) the .. is the largest single organ in the body

A

skin

98
Q

(integumentary system) three major functions of this system:
protect the body in the …
regulate … –> … is secreted to the skin surface from the … glands
transmit info from the … to the …

A

environment; body temp; sweat; sweat; enviro; brain

99
Q

(digestive system) digestion: processing of food that … the cells –> also called the .. system

A

nourishes; gastrointestinal

100
Q

(digestive system) abdomen: the second major ..
contains major organs of … and …
… are the easiest way to identify areas: right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

A

body cavity; digestion; excretion; quadrants

101
Q

(digestive system) RUQ of abdomen contains the …, … and a portion of the …

A

liver; gallbladder; colon

102
Q

(digestive system) LUQ contains the …, .., and a portion of the …

A

stomach; spleen; colon

103
Q

(digestive system) RLQ: contains two portions of the … (… and …)

A

large intestine; cecum; ascending colon

104
Q

(digestive system) LLQ contains the … and .. portions of the …

A

descending; sigmoid; colon

105
Q

(digestive system) the …, …, …, and … lie in more than one quadrant

A

small intestine; pancreas; large intestine; urinary bladder

106
Q

(digestive system) mouth: lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue and … glands

A

salivary

107
Q

(digestive system) …: tubular structure that extends from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

oropharynx

108
Q

(digestive system) …: collapsible tube about 10 inches long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach
muscles in this propel food to the stomach

A

esophagus

109
Q

(digestive system) …: hollow organ in LUQ–> receives food, stores it, and provides for its movement into the bowel

A

stomach

110
Q

(digestive system) …: flat, … organ that lies below and behind the liver and stomach

A

pancreas; solid

111
Q

(digestive system) pancreas contains two portions: exocrine and endocrine
the exocrine portion secretes … containing enzymes that aid in digestion of .., …, and …
the endocrine portion (…) produces … and …

A

pancreatic juice; fat; starch; protein; islets of Langerhans; insulin; glucagon

112
Q

(digestive system) …: large, solid organ immediately behind the diaphragm in the RUQ, extending into the LUQ, contains bile ducts

A

liver

113
Q

(digestive system) functions of liver:
filtering … substances
forming the factors needed for …a nd normal … production
storing … or … for immediate use by the body for energy
producing bile to assist with the digestion of ..

A

harmful; blood clotting; plasma; sugar; starch; fat

114
Q

(digestive system) ..: major hollow organ of the abdomen that produces enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion

A

small intestine

115
Q

(digestive system) small intestine composed of the …, …, and …

A

duodenum; jejunum; ileum

116
Q

(digestive system) …: major hollow organ consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum; the major function of the colon is to absorb the final 5-10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool

A

large intestine

117
Q

(digestive system) …: a 3-4- in long tube that opens into the cecum in the RLQ of the abdomen

A

appendix

118
Q

(digestive system) …: large, hollow organ at the lowermost end of the colon adapted to hold quantities of feces until it is expelled; at its terminal end is the …

A

rectum; anus

119
Q

(digestive system) physiology:
enzymes are added to food by salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small intestine, converting food into …, …, and …
These products are carried across wall of intestine to the .. and processed further and stored/transported to the heart
circulated via blood throughout the body

A

basic sugars; fatty acids; amino acids; liver

120
Q

(lymphatic system) supports the circulatory and immune systems
lymph carries … and … to cells and … away
helps rid body of .. and other harmful materials

A

oxygen; nutrients; waste products; toxins

121
Q

(lymphatic system) lymphatic system consists of:
…
.. : tiny, oval-shaped structures that filter lymph
..
…: form a network throughout the body that serves as an auxiliary to the circulatory system
…
other components

A

spleen; lymph nodes; lymph; lymph vessels; thymus gland

122
Q

(endocrine system) complex message and control system that integrates many body functions
.. released directly into the bloodstream, each of which has a specific effect on some organ, tissue, or process
each endocrine gland produces one or more hormones

A

hormones

123
Q

(endocrine system) the … controls release of hormones. –> uses primary and secondary feedback loops to keep body in balance
excesses/deficiencies of hormones can cause ..

A

brain; disease

124
Q 
(urinary system) controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the ... 
functions of urinary system: 
controls ... in the body
filters and eliminates wastes
controls .. balance
A

kidneys; fluid balance; pH

125
Q

(urinary system) consists of …, … and …

A

kidneys; ureter; urinary bladder

126
Q

(urinary system) kidneys are two .. organs that lie in retroperitoneal space; rid the blood of toxic waste products and control the balance of water and salt; a … passes from each and drains into the bladder
the bladder is immediately behind pubic symphysiss in pelvic cavity and empties through …

A

solid; ureter; urethra

127
Q 
(genital system) controsl reproduction
male: 
... 
... 
... 
... gland
... vesicles
... 
lies outside pelvic cavity expect for seminal vesicles and prostrate gand
A

testes; epididymis; vas deferens; prostate gland; seminal vesicles; penis

128
Q 
(genital system) female: 
... 
... tubes
... 
.. 
... 
contained entirely within pelvic cavity except for clitoris and labia
A

ovaries; fallopian; uterus; cervix; vagin a

129
Q

All cells in body require oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste.
The ..and …systems are the carriers of these supplies and wastes.
If …occurs, cells become damaged and die.

A

respiratory; circulatory; interference

130
Q

Cells use oxygen to turn nutrients into chemical energy through metabolism.
… is used to store energy.
Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen.
Cells switch to … when oxygen is limited

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP); anaerobic metabolism

131
Q

… The study of functional changes that occur when the body reacts to disease

A

pathophysiology

132
Q

Respiratory compromise can lead to:

… and …

A

Hypoxia

Hypercarbia

133
Q 
Factors that impair ventilation:
...airway
Impairment of the ...of breathing
...obstruction of the airway (asthma)
Other factors
A

Blocked; muscles; Physiologic

134
Q

Factors that impair respiration:
Change in …
High …
Impaired movement of the gas across the ..

A

atmosphere; altitudes; cell membrane

135
Q

Effects of respiratory compromise on the body:
Oxygen levels ..and carbon dioxide levels …
Respiratory rate …
Blood becomes more ….
The brain sends commands to the body to ….

A

.fall; rise; increases; acidic; breathe

136
Q

Shock

1. A condition in which organs and tissue receive an inadequate flow of ...and ... 2. Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia, which leads to ..., ...production, and organ dysfunction.
3. Shock is categorized into several types depending on the cause.
A

blood; oxygen; anaerobic metabolism; lactic acid;

137
Q

Effects of shock on the body:
Level of oxygen supplied to tissues falls
Cells engage in anaerobic metabolism
Severe … ensues
… initiate release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Heart rate increases
… moves into the capillaries

A

metabolic acidosis; baroreceptors; Interstitial fluid

138
Q

impairment of cell mettab results in inability to properly use … and … at cellular level
brain cells can’t use alternative fuels
Cellular injury, up to a point, may be repairable if normal tissue …is restored.

A

oxygen; glucose; perfusion

EMT (45 decks)

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