Chapter 18 Flashcards by Gail I

the abdominal cavity contains the … system, … system, and … system
made up of solid and hollow organs
injury to a solid organ can cause … and …
breach of a hollow organ causes its contents to … and contaminate the abdominal cavity

gastrointestinal; genital; urinary; shock; bleeding; leak

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gastrointestinal system:
responsible for … process
digestion begins when food is ..–> saliva breaks down food
the … is the main digestive organ–> gastric juices break down food

digestion; chewed; stomach

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gastrointestinal system: 
the liver assists in digestion: 
secretes …
… toxic substances
creates … stores
the … is a bile reservoir

bile; filters; glucose; gallbladder

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gastrointestinal system:

small intestine consists of the …, .., and …

duodenum; jejunum; ileum

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gastrointestinal system:
colon (large intestine): food that is not … comes here, … is absorbed, … is formed
spleen: located in the abdomen but has no … function

broken down; water; stool; digestive

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the abdominal space also holds … organs

reproductive

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(urinary system) controls discharge of waste materials filtered from .. by ..
two kidneys, one on each side of the body
… join each kidney to the bladder
the bladder is located behind the … and empties urine outside the body through the …

blood; kidneys; ureters; pubic symphysis; urethra

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the abdominal cavity and organs are lined by peritoneum:
…: lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
…: covers organs
foreign material such as blood, pus, or bile can … the peritoneum

parietal; visceral; irritate

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… refers to sudden onset of abdominal pain–> often associated with severe, progressive problems
..: inflammation of peritoneum, can cause …: paralysis of muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine

acute abdomen; peritonitis; ileus

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two types of nerves supply the peritoneum:
parietal peritoneum: supplied by the same nerves that supply the ..
visceral peritoneum: supplied by …
produces … pain

skin of the abdomen; autonomic nervous system; referred

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causes of acute abdomen:
…: protective layer of mucus lining erodes, allowing acid to eat into an organ
…: may form and block the gallbladder’s outlet, leading to cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)

ulcers; gallstones

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causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: inflammation of the pancreas
…: inflammation or infection in the appendix
…: symptom of another disease, may be acute/chronic

pancreatitis; appendicitis; gastrointestinal hemorrhage

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causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
…: pressure within blood vessels surrounding esophagus increases; with a gradual disease process, patients will initially show signs of liver disease

esophagitis; esophageal varices

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causes of acute abdomen cont:
….: junction between the esophagus and the stomach tears, causing severe bleeding
…: infection from bacterial/viral organisms or caused by noninfectious conditions

Mallory-Weiss syndrome; gastroenteritis

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causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: fecal matter becomes caught in the colon walls, causing inflammation and infection
…: created by swelling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding the rectum
… (bladder infection) is common, also called urinary tract infection

diverticulitis; hemorrhoids; cystitis

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kidneys: play a major role in maintaining homeostasis
when the kidneys fail, … results
kidney stones can grow over time and cause …

uremia; blockage

kidneys cont:
…: sudden decrease in kidney function, reversible with prompt diagnosis and treatment
…: progressive and irreversible damage; eventually dialysis is required

acute kidney failure

chronic kidney failure

… problems are a common cause of acute abdominal pain

lower quadrant pain may relate to the …, …, or …

gynecologic; ovaries; fallopian tubes; uterus

the … lies immediately behind the peritoneum–> weak areas can result in … (AAA), can be difficult to detect, use extreme caution when assessing/detecting AAA
… can cause ileus and abdominal pain

aorta; abdominal aortic aneurysm; pneumonia

…: protrusion of an organ through an opening into a body cavity where it does not belong; may not always produce a noticeable mass or lump
… of this is a serious medical emergency

hernia; strangulation

… hernias pose little risk and can be pushed back into the body cavity
… hernias cannot be pushed back in and are compressed by surrounding body tissue–> strangulation of an incarcerated hernia is a serious medical emergency: blood supply is compromised by the compressed surrounding tissue

reducible; incarcerated

serious hernia signs and symptoms: 
a formerly reducible mass that is no longer reducible 
… at the hernia site
… when the hernia is palpated
… or … skin discoloration

pain; tenderness; red; blue

scene safety: consider … and … for shoes

gown; disposable protective covers

MOI/NOI:
acute abdomen may be the result of …, such as blunt/penetrating trauma
use assessment results to develop an early index of suspicion for life threats

violence

airway and breathing: abdominal pain may cause .., … respirations circulation: ask about blood in … or …, … stools; check pulses in both .. transport decision: immediate transport is warranted if there are signs of significant illness

shallow; inadequate | vomit; black, tarry; arms;

``` history taking: SAMPLE history: … and .. change in … and … … .. or … .. other signs/symptoms concurrent … ```

``` nausea; vomiting; bowel habits; urination weight loss belching; flatulence pain chest pain ```

physical examination for secondary assessment:: the normal abdomen is soft and not tender to the touch muscles of the abdominal wall may become … involuntarily (…)

rigid; guarding

for the physical exam for secondary assessment: expose and visually assess abdomen ask the patient where the pain is most … … the abdomen very gently note whether pain is localized/widespread determine whether patient exhibits … and whether he/she can … the abdominal wall on command guarding and rigidity may be present

intense; palpate; rebound tenderness; relax

secondary assessment cont: vital signs--> check the … and … a high resp rate with a normal pulse rate and BP may indicate improper … a high resp rate and pulse rate with signs of shock may indicate … or … shock if a patient has a dialysis shunt in his/her arm, avoid taking a blood pressure in the same arm as the shunt to avoid damaging it

resp rate; pulse rate; ventilations; septic or hypovolemic

you cannot treat … of acute abdomen: take steps to provide comfort and lessen the effects of shock treat the patient for … even when obvious signs are not apparent … may decrease nausea and anxiety after completing patient care, clean the ambulance, equipment, and hands

causes; shock; low-flow oxygen;

… is the only definitive treatment for chronic kidney failure. it filters blood, cleans it of toxins, and returns it to the body

dialysis

if the patient misses dialysis treatment, … can occur | some services transport patients to and from dialysis centers

pulmonary edema

``` a dialysis machine functions much like normal kidneys adverse effects of dialysis: … … … and … … or … at the access site ```

hypotension muscle cramps nausea and vomiting hemorrhage; infection

patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis have a ...that connects a vein and an artery, allowing blood flow from the body to the dialysis machine … dialysis allows large amounts of dialysis fluid to be infused into the abdominal cavity--> the fluid stays in the cavity for 1 to 2 hrs some dialysis patients also have ..

shunt; peritoneal; urinary catheters