Chapter 18 Flashcards
the abdominal cavity contains the … system, … system, and … system
made up of solid and hollow organs
injury to a solid organ can cause … and …
breach of a hollow organ causes its contents to … and contaminate the abdominal cavity
gastrointestinal; genital; urinary; shock; bleeding; leak
gastrointestinal system:
responsible for … process
digestion begins when food is ..–> saliva breaks down food
the … is the main digestive organ–> gastric juices break down food
digestion; chewed; stomach
gastrointestinal system: the liver assists in digestion: secretes … … toxic substances creates … stores the … is a bile reservoir
bile; filters; glucose; gallbladder
gastrointestinal system:
small intestine consists of the …, .., and …
duodenum; jejunum; ileum
gastrointestinal system:
colon (large intestine): food that is not … comes here, … is absorbed, … is formed
spleen: located in the abdomen but has no … function
broken down; water; stool; digestive
the abdominal space also holds … organs
reproductive
(urinary system) controls discharge of waste materials filtered from .. by ..
two kidneys, one on each side of the body
… join each kidney to the bladder
the bladder is located behind the … and empties urine outside the body through the …
blood; kidneys; ureters; pubic symphysis; urethra
the abdominal cavity and organs are lined by peritoneum:
…: lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
…: covers organs
foreign material such as blood, pus, or bile can … the peritoneum
parietal; visceral; irritate
… refers to sudden onset of abdominal pain–> often associated with severe, progressive problems
..: inflammation of peritoneum, can cause …: paralysis of muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine
acute abdomen; peritonitis; ileus
two types of nerves supply the peritoneum:
parietal peritoneum: supplied by the same nerves that supply the ..
visceral peritoneum: supplied by …
produces … pain
skin of the abdomen; autonomic nervous system; referred
causes of acute abdomen:
…: protective layer of mucus lining erodes, allowing acid to eat into an organ
…: may form and block the gallbladder’s outlet, leading to cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)
ulcers; gallstones
causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: inflammation of the pancreas
…: inflammation or infection in the appendix
…: symptom of another disease, may be acute/chronic
pancreatitis; appendicitis; gastrointestinal hemorrhage
causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
…: pressure within blood vessels surrounding esophagus increases; with a gradual disease process, patients will initially show signs of liver disease
esophagitis; esophageal varices
causes of acute abdomen cont:
….: junction between the esophagus and the stomach tears, causing severe bleeding
…: infection from bacterial/viral organisms or caused by noninfectious conditions
Mallory-Weiss syndrome; gastroenteritis
causes of acute abdomen cont:
…: fecal matter becomes caught in the colon walls, causing inflammation and infection
…: created by swelling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding the rectum
… (bladder infection) is common, also called urinary tract infection
diverticulitis; hemorrhoids; cystitis
kidneys: play a major role in maintaining homeostasis
when the kidneys fail, … results
kidney stones can grow over time and cause …
uremia; blockage
kidneys cont:
…: sudden decrease in kidney function, reversible with prompt diagnosis and treatment
…: progressive and irreversible damage; eventually dialysis is required
acute kidney failure
chronic kidney failure
… problems are a common cause of acute abdominal pain
lower quadrant pain may relate to the …, …, or …
gynecologic; ovaries; fallopian tubes; uterus
the … lies immediately behind the peritoneum–> weak areas can result in … (AAA), can be difficult to detect, use extreme caution when assessing/detecting AAA
… can cause ileus and abdominal pain
aorta; abdominal aortic aneurysm; pneumonia
…: protrusion of an organ through an opening into a body cavity where it does not belong; may not always produce a noticeable mass or lump
… of this is a serious medical emergency
hernia; strangulation
… hernias pose little risk and can be pushed back into the body cavity
… hernias cannot be pushed back in and are compressed by surrounding body tissue–> strangulation of an incarcerated hernia is a serious medical emergency: blood supply is compromised by the compressed surrounding tissue
reducible; incarcerated
serious hernia signs and symptoms: a formerly reducible mass that is no longer reducible … at the hernia site … when the hernia is palpated … or … skin discoloration
pain; tenderness; red; blue
scene safety: consider … and … for shoes
gown; disposable protective covers
MOI/NOI:
acute abdomen may be the result of …, such as blunt/penetrating trauma
use assessment results to develop an early index of suspicion for life threats
violence
airway and breathing:
abdominal pain may cause .., … respirations
circulation: ask about blood in … or …, … stools; check pulses in both ..
transport decision: immediate transport is warranted if there are signs of significant illness
shallow; inadequate
vomit; black, tarry; arms;
history taking: SAMPLE history: … and .. change in … and … … .. or … .. other signs/symptoms concurrent …
nausea; vomiting; bowel habits; urination weight loss belching; flatulence pain chest pain
physical examination for secondary assessment::
the normal abdomen is soft and not tender to the touch
muscles of the abdominal wall may become … involuntarily (…)
rigid; guarding
for the physical exam for secondary assessment:
expose and visually assess abdomen
ask the patient where the pain is most …
… the abdomen very gently
note whether pain is localized/widespread
determine whether patient exhibits … and whether he/she can … the abdominal wall on command
guarding and rigidity may be present
intense; palpate; rebound tenderness; relax
secondary assessment cont:
vital signs–> check the … and …
a high resp rate with a normal pulse rate and BP may indicate improper …
a high resp rate and pulse rate with signs of shock may indicate … or … shock
if a patient has a dialysis shunt in his/her arm, avoid taking a blood pressure in the same arm as the shunt to avoid damaging it
resp rate; pulse rate; ventilations; septic or hypovolemic
you cannot treat … of acute abdomen: take steps to provide comfort and lessen the effects of shock
treat the patient for … even when obvious signs are not apparent
… may decrease nausea and anxiety
after completing patient care, clean the ambulance, equipment, and hands
causes; shock; low-flow oxygen;
… is the only definitive treatment for chronic kidney failure. it filters blood, cleans it of toxins, and returns it to the body
dialysis
if the patient misses dialysis treatment, … can occur
some services transport patients to and from dialysis centers
pulmonary edema
a dialysis machine functions much like normal kidneys adverse effects of dialysis: … … … and … … or … at the access site
hypotension
muscle cramps
nausea and vomiting
hemorrhage; infection
patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis have a …that connects a vein and an artery, allowing blood flow from the body to the dialysis machine
… dialysis allows large amounts of dialysis fluid to be infused into the abdominal cavity–> the fluid stays in the cavity for 1 to 2 hrs
some dialysis patients also have ..
shunt; peritoneal; urinary catheters
