Chapter 27 Flashcards
cranium:
contains the …
most posterior portion is called the …
lateral portions on each side are called … or … regions
forehead is called the … region
anterior to the ear, in the temporal region, you can feel the pulse of the … artery
brain; occiput temples; temporal regions frontal superficial temporal
face has … major bones
6
face:
… protects the eye from injury
only the … of the nose is formed by bone
bony orbit; proximal third
the exposed portion of the ear is composed entirely of … covered by skin
cartilage
about 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear is the …
the … forms the jaw and chin
mastoid process
mandible
neck is supported by the …
the upper part of the esophagus and the trachea lie in the … of the neck –> the … are found on either side of the trachea
cervical spine; midline; carotid arteries
the larynx:
adam’s apple is located in the center of the neck
other portion of the larynx is the …
cricothyroid membrane
cricoid cartilage
the trachea is below the …–> connects the … and .. with the main passages of the lungs
… muscles–> originate from the mastoid process, allow movement of the head
larynx; oropharynx; larynx; sternocleidomastoid
(eye) globe-shaped, approximately … in diameter
located within a bony socket in the skull called the ..–> protects over 80% of the eyeball
1 inch; orbit
(eye) clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye is called …–> in front of the lens is a fluid called the …, which can leak out in penetrating injuries
vitreous humor; aqueous humor;
(eye) the … is the membrane that covers the eye
the … produce fluid to keep the eye moist
conjunctiva; lacrimal glans
(eye) the … is the white, fibrous tissue that helps maintain the globular shape. on the front of the eye, the sclera is replaced by a clear, transparent membrane called the .. –> allows light to enter the eye
the … is a circular muscle behind the cornea
sclera; cornea; iris
(eye) the …. is the opening in the center of the iris–> allows light to move to the back of the eye
… is a condition in which a person is born with different-sized pupils
the … lies behind the iris–> focuses images on the retina at the back of the globe
pupil; anisocoria; lens
(eye) the retina contains …–> responds to light by transmitting nerve impulses through the … to the brain
the retina is nourished by a layer of …
… causes blindness
nerve endings; optic nerve; blood vessels; retinal detachment
injuries of face and neck can often lead to partial/complete obstruction of the upper airway
several factors may contribute:
… from heavy facial bleeding
direct injuries to the … and …, …, and …
dislodgement of .. or … in the throat
blood clots; nose and mouth; larynx and trachea; teeth; dentures
injuries of face and neck can often lead to partial/complete obstruction of the upper airway
several factors may contribute: CONTD
… that accompanies direct/indirect injury
airway may be affected when the patient’s head is …
possible injuries to the … and/or …
swelling; turned to the side; brain; cervical spine
soft-tissue injuries:
very common
face and neck are extremely …–> swelling may be more severe; skin and tissues in these areas have a …; a blunt injury can cause a …
vascular; rich blood supply; hematoma
dental injuries:
… injuries are common
most of these injuries are the result of vehicle collisions and assaults
… are usually found after blunt-force, high-energy impacts
fractured and avulsed teeth are common following facial trauma
mandible; maxillary fractures
primary assess–> airway and breathing:
… or otherwise … chest wall motion is contraindicated
splinting; restricting
patients with significant MOI, but stable, should be transported … even if the patient has no signs of hypoperfusion, there is the possibility of … injuries
promptly; eye
secondary assess:
ensure that control of bleeding is maintained and note injury location
inspect open wound for any … and stabilized impaled objects
use both your eyes and your hands
assess all underlying systems
when evaluating the eyes, start with the … and work toward the pupils
… is a vital sign of the eye
foreign matter; outer aspect; visual acuity
secondary assess cont–> vital signs:
assess vitals to obtain a baseline
you must be concerned with visible bleeding and unseen bleeding inside a …
with facial and throat injuries, … is very important
use appropriate monitoring devices
body cavity; baseline information
whenever you suspect significant bleeding, provide ..
high-flow ox
treat soft-tissue injuries to the face and neck the same as soft-tissue injuries …
elsewhere on the body
apply … locally to injuries that do not break the skin
for soft-tissue injuries around the mouth, check for … inside the mouth–> broken teeth and tongue lacerations may cause extensive bleeding and obstruction of the upper airway
ice; bleeding
physicians can sometimes graft a piece of avulsed skin back into position:
if you find portions of avulsed skin–> wrap in a sterile dressing, place in a … and keep cool
if the avulsed skin is still attached in a loose flap: place the flap in … as close to normal as possible
plastic bag; position
in a normal, uninjured eye, the entire circle of the iris is …–> the pupils are round, usually equal in size, and react equally to light
after an injury, pupil … or … and … are often disturbed
visible; reaction; shape; eye movement
treatment for eye injuries starts with a …:
always use standard precautions
take care not to aggravate any problems
look for abnormalities/conditions that may suggest the NOI
thorough examination
eye injuries:
foreign objects–> even a small object may produce …
irrigation with a sterile … solution will frequently flush away small, loose particles
a foreign body will leave a small abrasion on the …..
severe irritation; saline; conjunctiva
eye injuries–> foreign injuries contd:
irrigation will usually not wash out foreign bodies stuck to the … or lying under the …
if you spot a foreign object on the surface of the eyelid, you may be able to remove it
foreign bodies may be impaled in the eye. stabilize the object and prepare the patient for transport
cornea; upper eyelid
burns of the eye–> stop the burn and prevent further damage
chemical burns–> usually caused by … or … solutions
acid; alkaline
thermal burns of the eyes: during a fire, the eyes will … to protect from heat, and the … will burn
close; eyelids
lighr burns of eyes;
… rays, … light, and … all can cause significant damage
retinal injuries caused by exposure to light are generally not painful but may result in permanent damage
… usually develops with redness, swelling, and excessive tears
infrared; eclipse; laser beams; severe conjunctivitis
lacerations:
require very careful repair to restore … and …
if there is a laceration of the globe itself, apply … to the eye
eyeball may be displaced from socket
appearance; function; no pressure
blunt trauma:
injuries range from the ordinary black eye to a severely damaged globe
… obscures all or part of the iris
an … is a fracture of the bones that form the eye floor and support the globe
retinal detachment is often seen in sports
hyphema; orbit fracture
contact lenses and artificial eyes:
do not attempt to remove contact lenses unless there is a …
to remove a hard contact lens, use a …
to remove soft contact lenses, place one or two drops of … in the eye, pinch the lens between your thumb and index finger, and lift
chemical burn; small suction cup; saline
injuries of the nose:
nosebleeds (epistaxis) are a common problem:
one of the most common causes is …
anterior nosebleeds usually originate from the area of the .. and bleed …
posterior nosebleeds are usually more severe and often cause blood to …
the nose often takes the brunt of physical assaults and car crashes
digital trauma; septum; slowly; drain into the throat
injuries of the nose:
assess the nose structures for injury–> … may escape through the nose following a fracture at the base of the skull
CSF
the ear is complex and associated with hearing and balance. divided into three parts:
… ear
… ear
… ear
external
middle
inner
….: sudden changes in pressure created by a blast wave may cause rupture
tympanic membrane rupture
children place foreign bodies in the external auditory canal
clear fluid coming from the ear may indicate a …
skull fracture
facial fractures:
typically result from ….
assume a direct blow to the mouth or nose has caused a facial fracture
facial fractures alone are not … unless there is serious bleeding
blunt impact; acute emergencies
plastic surgeons can repair the damage to the face and mouth if the injuries are treated within … to … days. swelling can be extreme within the first … after injury
7; 10; 24 hrs
dental injuries:’
… will occur whenever a tooth is violently displaced from its socket:
apply direct pressure to stop the bleeding
perform suctioning if needed
cracked or loose teeth are possible airway obstructions
bleeding
you may encounter an object impaled in the patients cheek:
if you are unable to control the bleeding, consider … the object
then provide … on the inside and outside of the cheek
the amount of bandaging should not occlude the mouth
removing; direct pressure
the neck contains many structures vulnerable to injury by blunt trauma
blunt injuries:
any crushing injury of the upper part of the neck is likely to involve the … or …
once the cartilages of the upper airway and larynx are fractured, they do not spring back to their normal position
larynx; trachea
injuries of neck:
penetrating injuries
can cause profuse bleeding from laceration of the great vessels in the neck
injuries to the carotid and jugular veins can cause the body to … (…)
if a vein is punctured, an … may result
bleed out; exsanguination; air embolism
blunt force trauma to the larynx can occur when:
unrestrained driver strikes …
snowmobile rider strikes a clothesline
the larynx becomes crushed against the …, resulting in … injury, …, and/or separation of the …
steering wheel; cervical spine; soft-tissue; fractures; fascia
penetrating or impaled objects in the larynx should not be removed unless they …
stabilize all impaled objects if they are not …
interfere with CPR; obstructing the airway
