Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
EMT training includes recognition of hazards to your health, safety, and well-being:
personal …
… and … threats
… and … stress
A
neglect; environemtnal ;human-made; mental; physical
2
Q
wellness is a state of complete …, …, and … well-being
A
mental; physical; social
3
Q
a state of wellness must occur at:
work- through protection from … and …
home- through a healthy …; …; getting enough …; refraining from use of .., .. and excessive …; taking time to ..
A
communicable disease; scene hazards; diet; exercise; sleep; tobacco; drugs; alcohol; relax
4
Q
emts are often called upon to work in circumstances that result in both … and … stress. as an emt you should be prepared, anticipate …, control the scene, care for the patient
A
acute; cumulative; needed resources
5
Q
the calm manner in which you approach the scene will help to calm the …, .., and …
A
patient; family members; bystanders
6
Q
prolonged physical stress can drain the body of its reserves:
depleted of …
…
more susceptible to …
A
key nutrients; weakened; illness
7
Q
stress is any event, thought, or action perceived as a
A
threat
8
Q
understanding how stress affects you physiologically, physically, and psychologically can help you:
… your reactions; … the effect of stress
A
contro; minimize
9
Q
regardless how stressful the situation, you must focus on the following considerations, in this order:
…
…, including of others
…
A
personal safety; scene safety; patient care
10
Q
… refers to the tactics that have been shown to alleviate or eliminate stress reactions
A
stress management
11
Q
(strategies to minimize stress) inimize or eliminate … as much as possible
change … to avoid a negative/hostile personality
change work …
change the work …
A
stressors; partners; hours; environment
12
Q
(strategies to minimize stress) cut back on …
change your … about the stressor
talk about your … with people you trust
seek … if needed
A
overtime; attitude; feelings; professional counseling
13
Q
(strategies to minimize stress) do not obsess over frustrating situations that you are … to change; focus on delivering ..
A
unable; high-quality care
14
Q
(strategies to minimize stress) try to adopt a relaxed, philosophical outlook
expand your … beyond your coworkers
develop … and …outside emergency services
limit your intake of …, …,a nd …
A
social support system; friends; interests; caffeine; alcohol; tobacco
15
Q
(strategies to minimize stress) minimize the physical response to stress by using various techniques including;
periodic .. or …
slow, deep ..
regular … (… minutes per week, including cardio)
progressive … relaxation
…
A
stretching; yoga; breathing; physical exercise; 150; muscle; meditation
16
Q
your body’s three sources of fuel- .., .., and ..– are consumed in increased quantities during times of stress, particularly if physical activity is involved
A
carbs; fat; protein
17
Q
the quickest source of energy is …, taken from stored … in the liver
A
glucose; glycogen
18
Q
protein, drawn primarily from …, is a long-term source of fuel
A
muscle
19
Q
tissues can use … for energy
A
fat
20
Q
the body conserves … durings tress
A
water
21
Q
other nutrients that are susceptible to depletion are the … and …. that are not stored byt he body in substantial quantities
A
vitamins; minerals
22
Q
… and … are the two variables over which you have absolute control
A
physical conditioning; proper nutrition
23
Q
to perform efficiently, you must eat … food is the fuel that makes the body run
A
nutritious food
24
Q
limit your consumption of …, …, …, and …
A
sugar; fats; sodium; alcohol
25
complex carbs rank next to … in their ability to produce energy. ex are pasta, rice and vegetables. these are among the most … sources for long-term energy production
simple sugars; reliable
26
… are also easily converted to energy, but eating too much can lead to obesity, cardiac disease, and other long term health problems
fats
27
fats should be limited to … of calories, and intake should focus on … and … fats while avoiding … or .. fats
10%; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated; saturated or trans
28
when you are in good … you can handle stress more easily
physical condition
29
regular exercise will increase your … and ..
strength; endurance
30
exercise will help you maintain sufficient strength to lift … and ...
patients; heavy equipment
31
sleep should be .. and …
regular; uninterrupted
32
eight straight hours of sleep may not be possible, but three … of 2 to 3 hours each will provide similar effects
sleep episodes
33
routine exercise will promote the needed … for restful sleep
fatigue
34
an infectious disease is caused by … within the body
organisms
35
a communicable disease can be spread from … to … and from one … to another
person; person; species
36
infection risk can be minimized by: …, …, …
immunizations; protective techniques; handwashing
37
pathogen: a … that is capable of causing disease
microorganism
38
…: the presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies on or within objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient's body
contamination
39
…: a situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that may allow disease transmission to occur
exposure
40
… (PPE): protective equipment that an individual wears to prevent exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material
personal protective equipment
41
```
routes of transmission:
… contact
.. contact
…
…
…
```
direct; indirect; airborne; foodborne; vector-borne
42
```
The CDC has developed standard precautions concerning:
.. hygiene
… equipment
… environment
special circumstance
```
hand; personal protective; patient care
43
all emts are trained in handling
blood-borne pathogens
44
… is the simplest, yet most effective way to control disease transmission. wash hands .. and … patient contact, even if you wear glvoes. if there is no running water, use a …
handwashing; before; after; waterless handwashing substitute
45
wear gloves if there is any possibility for exposure to … or ..
blood; body fluids
46
…, .., and … gloves are effective protection . wear … glvoes when cleaning mthe ambulance and change glvoes between ...
vinyl; nitrile; latex; heavy-duty; patients
47
eye protection protects from …
| … or … are best
blood splatters; goggles; face shields
48
a gown provides protection from …
| may not be practical in many situations and may even pose a risk for ...
extensive blood splatter; injury
49
wear a ... for fluid splatter
standard surgical mask
50
place a surgical mask on any patient with a ... use a mask with a ... on yourself if the disease is tuberculosis
communicable disease; particulate air respirator
51
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation may
transmit disease
52
with an infected patient, use: .. and ... masks
pocket; bag-valve
53
proper disposal of sharps helps to avoid exposure to ... and ..
do not ..., .., or ... needles
dispose of used sharp items in an approved, ..., ... container
HIV; hepatitis; recap; break; bend; closed; rigid
54
Follow ... and other national guideliens and standards to reduce your risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens and airborne diseases
OSHA
55
```
components of an infection control plan
determination of ... risk
... and ...
... vaccine program
personal ...
... and ... practices
... skin/fit testing
... management
... monitoring
...
```
exposure; education; training; hepatitis b; protective equipment; cleaning; disinfection; tuberculin; postexposure; compliance; record keeping
56
... is an essential part of the prevention and control of communicable disease, as it ensures the removal of ... organisms that may remain in the unit: clean the ambulance after each ... and on a daily basis. use appropriate PPE while cleaning. remove contaminated ... and put them in an appropriate bag for handling. whenever possible, cleaning should be done at the ...
cleaning; surface; run; linens; hospital
57
... is a major factor in determining which hosts become ill fromw hich germs
immunity
58
...: the organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent
host
59
you may be ..., or... to particular germs
immune; resistant
60
immunity: having been ... or .., able to recover from an ...f romt hat germ
immunized; vaccinated; infection
61
maintain your .. health. annual health exams should be required for all EMS personnel. youa re required to get the ... vaccine or sing a waiver
personal; hep B
62
```
other recommended immunizations:
..., .., and ... boosters every 10 yrs;
..., ... and ... (MMR) baccine
... vaccine every year
... vaccine or having ...
```
tetanus; diphtheria; pertussis; measles; mumps; rubella; influenza; varicella (chickenpox); chickenpox
63
if you are exposed to a patients blood/ bodily fluids:
- turn over patient care to another ..
clean the exposed area with ..
if your eyes were exposed, rinse for ...
activate your department's ...
you will have to complete an ...
time is important. some diseases will act quickly, whereas others will remain dormant. early activation of a plan is critical
ems provider; soap and water; 20 mins; infection control plan; exposure report
64
begin protecting yourself as soon as you are dispatched: wear ...
don appropriate ...
seat belts; PPE
65
continue to protect yourself once on the scene;
make sure the scene is well ...
place ... devices to alert other motorists of the scene
park at a ... from the scene
make sure there is plenty of ... if it is dark
wear .. clothing if it is dark
marked; warning; safe distance; light; reflective
66
hazardous materials
upon arrival, look at the scene and try to read any ..., ..., and ... from a distance, perhaps using binoculars
a specially trained and quipped hazardous materials team will be called to the scene to handle ... of materials and removal of patients
labels; placards; identification numbers; removal
67
hazardous materials:
the DOT's emergency response guidebook is an important resource to help identify ...
do not begin caring for partients unitl they have been moved ... from the scene and are ... or the scene is safe for you to enter
hazards; away; decontaminated
68
electricity
dealing with ... is beyond the scope of EMT training
mark off a .. zone around downed lines using ... as landmarks. the safety zone is one span of the power pole's distances
downed power lines; danger; utility poles
69
electricity:
energized lines behave in ... ways
if you must enter the scen wear PPE
lighting is a threat in two ways: a ..., ...
a ... lightning strike in the same area can occur
unpredictable; direct hit; ground current ; repeat
70
electricity:
avoid ... to minimize risk of a direct lightning strike
to avoid being injured by ground current, stay away from ..., ... areas, small ..., and ...r opes
when lightning is nearby, make yourself the smallest target possible and ... all equipment
high ground; drainage ditches; moist areas; small depressions; wet; drop
71
```
common fire hazards:
...
... deficiency
high ..
toxic ..
...
..
...
```
smoke; oxygen; ambien t temps; gases; building collapse; equipment; explosions
72
in fires: be trained in use of appropriate ...
a number of toxic gases may be produced including ..., ..., and ...
inhaling cyanide prevents cells from using ...
appropriate airway protection; CO; cyanide; CO2; oxygen
73
vehicle crashes:
| hazards include ..., an ... vehicle that may ... on you, downed ..., risk of ..., ..., ..., and ... metal objects
traffic; unstable; fall; power lines; violence; airbags; glass; sharp
74
... your clothing and gear regularly--ideally before you reach the scene
inspect
75
cold-weather clothing consists of three layers:
a .. inner layer that pulls ... away from the skin
a .. middle layer that serves as ..
an outer layer that resists ..., .., .. and ...
thin; moisture; thermal; insulation; wind; rain; sleet; snow
76
turnout gear protects form ..., ..., ... and ... and is also called .. gear
heat; fire; sparks; flashover; bunker
77
gloves: protect from ..., ... and ..
| may reduce dexterity in a rescue sit
heat; cold; cuts
78
helments should be work to protect EMTs from ... objects; should provide ... and ... impact protection; secure .. are needed; in electrical hazard sits, wear a ... and ...
falling; top; side; chin straps; chin strap; face shield
79
wear protective glasses with .. during routine patient care; when tools are in use, use a ... and ...
side shields; face shield; goggles
80
ear protection: soft foam industrial type ..
earplugs
81
protect against ... during outsidw ork. use a sunscreen with a minimum SPF of ...
sunburn; 15
82
body arm: ... vests, range from ... and ... to ... and ...; may not be practical for daily use; costly and do not protect against rifle ammuniation/stabbing attacks
bulletproof; lightweight; flexible; heavy; bulky
83
many ems services have restricted policies regarding ..., ... and ...
you should tie hair up neatly, limit number of rings worn and wear only a .. on the wrist
hair; rings; jewelry; watch
84
let the patient know that you are attending to his/her immediate needs. avoid making unprofessional comments during ..., treat all patients with dignitiy and respsect
resuscitation
85
```
(responses of critical patient)
anxiety:
emotional ..
... and ...
rapid...
fast ..
...
...
...
...
```
upset; sweaty; cool; breathing; pulse; restlessness; tension; fear; shakiness
86
(responses of critical patient) pain and fear:
pain often associated with ... or ...
fear usually relates to the ... pain and outcome of illness/trauma
encourage patients to express pains and fears
illness; trauma; oncoming
87
(responses of critical patient) anger and hostility
reactions may be expressed with ... or ... behavior; personal safety is important; be tolerant; back out of the situation if the patient becomes hostile
demanding; complaining
88
(responses of critical patient) depression: response to illness, especially if prolonged, debilitating, or terminal can be ... and ...
be compassionate, supportive and nonjudgmental
physiologic; psychological
89
(responses of critical patient) dependency: patients may become dependent due tot heir ... remain supportive and compassionate
helplessness
90
(responses of critical patient) guilt: when patients are dying, long term caregivers, family members, or even the patient may experience feelings of .. over what has happened. May result in a delay seeking medical care
guilt
91
(responses of critical patient) mental health problems:
disorientation, confusion, and delusions may develop in the dying patient. common characteristics:
loss of contact with ...
distortion of ...
...
diminished control of ... and ...
abnormal ... content
reality; perception; regression; impulses; desires; mental
92
(responses of critical patient) receiving unrelated bad news: may be the death of someone .. to the patient and may cause the patient ot give up ..
.close; hope
93
avoid ... and ... comments--> remarks about a patient's condition may increase the patient's anxiety or compromise ...
sad; grim; recovery
94
... the patient: use brief statements, orient them to their ...
orient; surroundings
95
be honest: decide how much info your patient can ... and .., allow the patient to be part of the care being given
understand; accept
96
intiail refusal of care: impresson the patient the ... of his/her condition without causing undue alarm
seriousness
97
allow for hope: transmit message of hope; it is not your role to tell a patient that he/she is going to ..., let the patient know you are doing everything ..
die; possible
98
locate and notify family members: assure the patient that you will take care of ... the appropriate people, calsm the patient
notifying
99
children should be cared fro as any dadult. consider variations in ..., ..., and ... when caring for pediatric patients. it is important that a ... or ... accompany the child to relieve anxiety and assist in care as appropriate
height; weight; size; relative; responsible adult
100
dealing with the death of a child:
the death of a child is a ... and ... event
help the family through the initial period
provide info about follow-up ... and support services
tragic; dreaded; counseling
101
helping the fam;
acknowledge the death in a ... place
..., ..., and ... are common emotions and rxns to a child's death
if circumstances allow, let the parents .. the child. use your best judgments to determine if this is appropriate. let the family's actions be your guide
the family may want to see the child, you should allow this. prepare parents for what they will see
... communication may be valuable, such as holding a hand/grasping a shoulder. silence may be more comforting;
private; shock; denial; disbelief; hold; nonverbal
102
death is likely to be either:
quite ...
after a ..., terminal illness
sudden; prolonged
103
grieving process:
1. ...
2. ..., ...
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
denial; anger, hostility; barganining; depression; acceptance
104
```
what can the emt do in case of death?
ask patient and family if there's anything you can do to help
reinforce the ... of the situation
be ... and ..
do not say you know how they feel
let the patient/family members grieve
```
reality; honest; sincere
105
general adaptation syndrome:
1. ... response tos tress
2. ... and ... to stress
3. ...--or ... from stress
alarm; reaction; resistance; recovery; exhaustion
106
```
physiological manifestations of stress:
increased ... and ...
increased ..
dilated ... near the skin surface (causes cool, clammy skin)
dilated ...
tensed ...
increased ... levels
..
decreased blood flow to the ...
```
respirations; heart rate; blood pressure; venous vessels; pupils; muscles; blood glucose; perspiration; gastrointestinal tract
107
.. stress rexns occur during a stressful situation
acute
108
... stress rxns manifest after stressful event
delayed
109
... stress rxns: prolonged/ excessive stress
cumulative
110
... can develop; characterized by reexperiencing the event and overrespondingto stimuli that recall the event. ... was developed to decrease the likelihood of PTSD
PTSD; critical incident stress management (CISM)
111
CISm can occur ...--> trained CISM professionals facilitate. can occur at an ...--> ... sessions are held during/immediately after the event; ... sessions held 24 to 72 hrs after incident
formally; ongoing scene; defusing; debriefing
112
CISM defuses responses to ... incidents: if it's not an option, private counseling by mental health professional may be preferable
critical incidents
113
```
warning signs of cumulative stress:
... toward coworkers, family, friends
inability to ...
difficulty ..., increased ..., or nightmares
feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt
...
loss of ... (gastrointestinal distrubances)
loss of interest in ..
...
loss of interest in ...
increased use of ...
recreational ... use
physical symptoms such as chronic pain
feelings of ...
```
irritability; concentrate; sleeping; sleeping; indecisiveness; appetite; sexual activities; isolation; work; alcohol; drug; hopelessness
114
a patient's reaction may influenced by
personality traits
115
```
other factrs that influence patient rxn:
... background
... of medical personnel
.. or ...a buse
history of ... disease
... disorders
reaction to ..
...
... status
feelings of ...
past experience with .../...
```
socioeconomic; fear; alcohol; substance; chronic; mental; medication; age; nutritional; guilt; illness; injury
116
sometimes it is unclear whether a true medical emergency exists:
contact ... about need to transport
if in doubt, transport
medical control
117
```
violent situations can be created by:
..
large gatherings of potentially ... people
.. disputes
... scenes
```
civil disturbances; hostile; domestic; crime
118
when multiple agencies respond, it is important to know who is in ... and will be issuing orders
command
119
law enforcement .. the scene before your entry, or uses the ... and ... technique. this involves the tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection
secures; cover; concealment
120
most behavioral emergencies do not ..., but some do, and you must use caution in such circumstances
pose a threat
121
two types of sexual harassment:
quid pro quo: harasser requests ... in exchange for something else, such as a promotion
hostile work environment: jokes, touching, leering, requirests for a date, talking about body parts
sexual favors
122
... (EAPs): provide an array of mental health; substance abuse; crisis management; counseling services
employee assistance programs
123
```
illness prevention programs shoul dinclude six interrelated and interdependent elements:
... leadership
worker ...
hazard ... and ...
hazard ... and ..
... and ..
program ... and ...
```
managmenet; participation; identification; assessment; prevention; control; education and training; eval; improvement
