Chapter 2 Flashcards
EMT training includes recognition of hazards to your health, safety, and well-being:
personal …
… and … threats
… and … stress
neglect; environemtnal ;human-made; mental; physical
wellness is a state of complete …, …, and … well-being
mental; physical; social
a state of wellness must occur at:
work- through protection from … and …
home- through a healthy …; …; getting enough …; refraining from use of .., .. and excessive …; taking time to ..
communicable disease; scene hazards; diet; exercise; sleep; tobacco; drugs; alcohol; relax
emts are often called upon to work in circumstances that result in both … and … stress. as an emt you should be prepared, anticipate …, control the scene, care for the patient
acute; cumulative; needed resources
the calm manner in which you approach the scene will help to calm the …, .., and …
patient; family members; bystanders
prolonged physical stress can drain the body of its reserves:
depleted of …
…
more susceptible to …
key nutrients; weakened; illness
stress is any event, thought, or action perceived as a
threat
understanding how stress affects you physiologically, physically, and psychologically can help you:
… your reactions; … the effect of stress
contro; minimize
regardless how stressful the situation, you must focus on the following considerations, in this order:
…
…, including of others
…
personal safety; scene safety; patient care
… refers to the tactics that have been shown to alleviate or eliminate stress reactions
stress management
(strategies to minimize stress) inimize or eliminate … as much as possible
change … to avoid a negative/hostile personality
change work …
change the work …
stressors; partners; hours; environment
(strategies to minimize stress) cut back on …
change your … about the stressor
talk about your … with people you trust
seek … if needed
overtime; attitude; feelings; professional counseling
(strategies to minimize stress) do not obsess over frustrating situations that you are … to change; focus on delivering ..
unable; high-quality care
(strategies to minimize stress) try to adopt a relaxed, philosophical outlook
expand your … beyond your coworkers
develop … and …outside emergency services
limit your intake of …, …,a nd …
social support system; friends; interests; caffeine; alcohol; tobacco
(strategies to minimize stress) minimize the physical response to stress by using various techniques including;
periodic .. or …
slow, deep ..
regular … (… minutes per week, including cardio)
progressive … relaxation
…
stretching; yoga; breathing; physical exercise; 150; muscle; meditation
your body’s three sources of fuel- .., .., and ..– are consumed in increased quantities during times of stress, particularly if physical activity is involved
carbs; fat; protein
the quickest source of energy is …, taken from stored … in the liver
glucose; glycogen
protein, drawn primarily from …, is a long-term source of fuel
muscle
tissues can use … for energy
fat
the body conserves … durings tress
water
other nutrients that are susceptible to depletion are the … and …. that are not stored byt he body in substantial quantities
vitamins; minerals
… and … are the two variables over which you have absolute control
physical conditioning; proper nutrition
to perform efficiently, you must eat … food is the fuel that makes the body run
nutritious food
limit your consumption of …, …, …, and …
sugar; fats; sodium; alcohol
complex carbs rank next to … in their ability to produce energy. ex are pasta, rice and vegetables. these are among the most … sources for long-term energy production
simple sugars; reliable
… are also easily converted to energy, but eating too much can lead to obesity, cardiac disease, and other long term health problems
fats
fats should be limited to … of calories, and intake should focus on … and … fats while avoiding … or .. fats
10%; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated; saturated or trans
when you are in good … you can handle stress more easily
physical condition
regular exercise will increase your … and ..
strength; endurance
exercise will help you maintain sufficient strength to lift … and …
patients; heavy equipment
sleep should be .. and …
regular; uninterrupted
eight straight hours of sleep may not be possible, but three … of 2 to 3 hours each will provide similar effects
sleep episodes
routine exercise will promote the needed … for restful sleep
fatigue
an infectious disease is caused by … within the body
organisms
a communicable disease can be spread from … to … and from one … to another
person; person; species
infection risk can be minimized by: …, …, …
immunizations; protective techniques; handwashing
pathogen: a … that is capable of causing disease
microorganism
…: the presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies on or within objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient’s body
contamination
…: a situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that may allow disease transmission to occur
exposure
… (PPE): protective equipment that an individual wears to prevent exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material
personal protective equipment
routes of transmission: … contact .. contact … … …
direct; indirect; airborne; foodborne; vector-borne
The CDC has developed standard precautions concerning: .. hygiene … equipment … environment special circumstance
hand; personal protective; patient care
all emts are trained in handling
blood-borne pathogens
… is the simplest, yet most effective way to control disease transmission. wash hands .. and … patient contact, even if you wear glvoes. if there is no running water, use a …
handwashing; before; after; waterless handwashing substitute
wear gloves if there is any possibility for exposure to … or ..
blood; body fluids
…, .., and … gloves are effective protection . wear … glvoes when cleaning mthe ambulance and change glvoes between …
vinyl; nitrile; latex; heavy-duty; patients
eye protection protects from …
… or … are best
blood splatters; goggles; face shields
a gown provides protection from …
may not be practical in many situations and may even pose a risk for …
extensive blood splatter; injury
wear a … for fluid splatter
standard surgical mask
place a surgical mask on any patient with a … use a mask with a … on yourself if the disease is tuberculosis
communicable disease; particulate air respirator
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation may
transmit disease
with an infected patient, use: .. and … masks
pocket; bag-valve
proper disposal of sharps helps to avoid exposure to … and ..
do not …, .., or … needles
dispose of used sharp items in an approved, …, … container
HIV; hepatitis; recap; break; bend; closed; rigid
Follow … and other national guideliens and standards to reduce your risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens and airborne diseases
OSHA
components of an infection control plan determination of ... risk ... and ... ... vaccine program personal ... ... and ... practices ... skin/fit testing ... management ... monitoring ...
exposure; education; training; hepatitis b; protective equipment; cleaning; disinfection; tuberculin; postexposure; compliance; record keeping
… is an essential part of the prevention and control of communicable disease, as it ensures the removal of … organisms that may remain in the unit: clean the ambulance after each … and on a daily basis. use appropriate PPE while cleaning. remove contaminated … and put them in an appropriate bag for handling. whenever possible, cleaning should be done at the …
cleaning; surface; run; linens; hospital
… is a major factor in determining which hosts become ill fromw hich germs
immunity
…: the organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent
host
you may be …, or… to particular germs
immune; resistant
immunity: having been … or .., able to recover from an …f romt hat germ
immunized; vaccinated; infection
maintain your .. health. annual health exams should be required for all EMS personnel. youa re required to get the … vaccine or sing a waiver
personal; hep B
other recommended immunizations: ..., .., and ... boosters every 10 yrs; ..., ... and ... (MMR) baccine ... vaccine every year ... vaccine or having ...
tetanus; diphtheria; pertussis; measles; mumps; rubella; influenza; varicella (chickenpox); chickenpox
if you are exposed to a patients blood/ bodily fluids:
- turn over patient care to another ..
clean the exposed area with ..
if your eyes were exposed, rinse for …
activate your department’s …
you will have to complete an …
time is important. some diseases will act quickly, whereas others will remain dormant. early activation of a plan is critical
ems provider; soap and water; 20 mins; infection control plan; exposure report
begin protecting yourself as soon as you are dispatched: wear …
don appropriate …
seat belts; PPE
continue to protect yourself once on the scene;
make sure the scene is well …
place … devices to alert other motorists of the scene
park at a … from the scene
make sure there is plenty of … if it is dark
wear .. clothing if it is dark
marked; warning; safe distance; light; reflective
hazardous materials
upon arrival, look at the scene and try to read any …, …, and … from a distance, perhaps using binoculars
a specially trained and quipped hazardous materials team will be called to the scene to handle … of materials and removal of patients
labels; placards; identification numbers; removal
hazardous materials:
the DOT’s emergency response guidebook is an important resource to help identify …
do not begin caring for partients unitl they have been moved … from the scene and are … or the scene is safe for you to enter
hazards; away; decontaminated
electricity
dealing with … is beyond the scope of EMT training
mark off a .. zone around downed lines using … as landmarks. the safety zone is one span of the power pole’s distances
downed power lines; danger; utility poles
electricity:
energized lines behave in … ways
if you must enter the scen wear PPE
lighting is a threat in two ways: a …, …
a … lightning strike in the same area can occur
unpredictable; direct hit; ground current ; repeat
electricity:
avoid … to minimize risk of a direct lightning strike
to avoid being injured by ground current, stay away from …, … areas, small …, and …r opes
when lightning is nearby, make yourself the smallest target possible and … all equipment
high ground; drainage ditches; moist areas; small depressions; wet; drop
common fire hazards: ... ... deficiency high .. toxic .. ... .. ...
smoke; oxygen; ambien t temps; gases; building collapse; equipment; explosions
in fires: be trained in use of appropriate …
a number of toxic gases may be produced including …, …, and …
inhaling cyanide prevents cells from using …
appropriate airway protection; CO; cyanide; CO2; oxygen
vehicle crashes:
hazards include …, an … vehicle that may … on you, downed …, risk of …, …, …, and … metal objects
traffic; unstable; fall; power lines; violence; airbags; glass; sharp
… your clothing and gear regularly–ideally before you reach the scene
inspect
cold-weather clothing consists of three layers:
a .. inner layer that pulls … away from the skin
a .. middle layer that serves as ..
an outer layer that resists …, .., .. and …
thin; moisture; thermal; insulation; wind; rain; sleet; snow
turnout gear protects form …, …, … and … and is also called .. gear
heat; fire; sparks; flashover; bunker
gloves: protect from …, … and ..
may reduce dexterity in a rescue sit
heat; cold; cuts
helments should be work to protect EMTs from … objects; should provide … and … impact protection; secure .. are needed; in electrical hazard sits, wear a … and …
falling; top; side; chin straps; chin strap; face shield
wear protective glasses with .. during routine patient care; when tools are in use, use a … and …
side shields; face shield; goggles
ear protection: soft foam industrial type ..
earplugs
protect against … during outsidw ork. use a sunscreen with a minimum SPF of …
sunburn; 15
body arm: … vests, range from … and … to … and …; may not be practical for daily use; costly and do not protect against rifle ammuniation/stabbing attacks
bulletproof; lightweight; flexible; heavy; bulky
many ems services have restricted policies regarding …, … and …
you should tie hair up neatly, limit number of rings worn and wear only a .. on the wrist
hair; rings; jewelry; watch
let the patient know that you are attending to his/her immediate needs. avoid making unprofessional comments during …, treat all patients with dignitiy and respsect
resuscitation
(responses of critical patient) anxiety: emotional .. ... and ... rapid... fast .. ... ... ... ...
upset; sweaty; cool; breathing; pulse; restlessness; tension; fear; shakiness
(responses of critical patient) pain and fear:
pain often associated with … or …
fear usually relates to the … pain and outcome of illness/trauma
encourage patients to express pains and fears
illness; trauma; oncoming
(responses of critical patient) anger and hostility
reactions may be expressed with … or … behavior; personal safety is important; be tolerant; back out of the situation if the patient becomes hostile
demanding; complaining
(responses of critical patient) depression: response to illness, especially if prolonged, debilitating, or terminal can be … and …
be compassionate, supportive and nonjudgmental
physiologic; psychological
(responses of critical patient) dependency: patients may become dependent due tot heir … remain supportive and compassionate
helplessness
(responses of critical patient) guilt: when patients are dying, long term caregivers, family members, or even the patient may experience feelings of .. over what has happened. May result in a delay seeking medical care
guilt
(responses of critical patient) mental health problems:
disorientation, confusion, and delusions may develop in the dying patient. common characteristics:
loss of contact with …
distortion of …
…
diminished control of … and …
abnormal … content
reality; perception; regression; impulses; desires; mental
(responses of critical patient) receiving unrelated bad news: may be the death of someone .. to the patient and may cause the patient ot give up ..
.close; hope
avoid … and … comments–> remarks about a patient’s condition may increase the patient’s anxiety or compromise …
sad; grim; recovery
… the patient: use brief statements, orient them to their …
orient; surroundings
be honest: decide how much info your patient can … and .., allow the patient to be part of the care being given
understand; accept
intiail refusal of care: impresson the patient the … of his/her condition without causing undue alarm
seriousness
allow for hope: transmit message of hope; it is not your role to tell a patient that he/she is going to …, let the patient know you are doing everything ..
die; possible
locate and notify family members: assure the patient that you will take care of … the appropriate people, calsm the patient
notifying
children should be cared fro as any dadult. consider variations in …, …, and … when caring for pediatric patients. it is important that a … or … accompany the child to relieve anxiety and assist in care as appropriate
height; weight; size; relative; responsible adult
dealing with the death of a child:
the death of a child is a … and … event
help the family through the initial period
provide info about follow-up … and support services
tragic; dreaded; counseling
helping the fam;
acknowledge the death in a … place
…, …, and … are common emotions and rxns to a child’s death
if circumstances allow, let the parents .. the child. use your best judgments to determine if this is appropriate. let the family’s actions be your guide
the family may want to see the child, you should allow this. prepare parents for what they will see
… communication may be valuable, such as holding a hand/grasping a shoulder. silence may be more comforting;
private; shock; denial; disbelief; hold; nonverbal
death is likely to be either:
quite …
after a …, terminal illness
sudden; prolonged
grieving process:
- …
- …, …
- …
- …
- …
denial; anger, hostility; barganining; depression; acceptance
what can the emt do in case of death? ask patient and family if there's anything you can do to help reinforce the ... of the situation be ... and .. do not say you know how they feel let the patient/family members grieve
reality; honest; sincere
general adaptation syndrome:
- … response tos tress
- … and … to stress
- …–or … from stress
alarm; reaction; resistance; recovery; exhaustion
physiological manifestations of stress: increased ... and ... increased .. dilated ... near the skin surface (causes cool, clammy skin) dilated ... tensed ... increased ... levels .. decreased blood flow to the ...
respirations; heart rate; blood pressure; venous vessels; pupils; muscles; blood glucose; perspiration; gastrointestinal tract
.. stress rexns occur during a stressful situation
acute
… stress rxns manifest after stressful event
delayed
… stress rxns: prolonged/ excessive stress
cumulative
… can develop; characterized by reexperiencing the event and overrespondingto stimuli that recall the event. … was developed to decrease the likelihood of PTSD
PTSD; critical incident stress management (CISM)
CISm can occur …–> trained CISM professionals facilitate. can occur at an …–> … sessions are held during/immediately after the event; … sessions held 24 to 72 hrs after incident
formally; ongoing scene; defusing; debriefing
CISM defuses responses to … incidents: if it’s not an option, private counseling by mental health professional may be preferable
critical incidents
warning signs of cumulative stress: ... toward coworkers, family, friends inability to ... difficulty ..., increased ..., or nightmares feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt ... loss of ... (gastrointestinal distrubances) loss of interest in .. ... loss of interest in ... increased use of ... recreational ... use physical symptoms such as chronic pain feelings of ...
irritability; concentrate; sleeping; sleeping; indecisiveness; appetite; sexual activities; isolation; work; alcohol; drug; hopelessness
a patient’s reaction may influenced by
personality traits
other factrs that influence patient rxn: ... background ... of medical personnel .. or ...a buse history of ... disease ... disorders reaction to .. ... ... status feelings of ... past experience with .../...
socioeconomic; fear; alcohol; substance; chronic; mental; medication; age; nutritional; guilt; illness; injury
sometimes it is unclear whether a true medical emergency exists:
contact … about need to transport
if in doubt, transport
medical control
violent situations can be created by: .. large gatherings of potentially ... people .. disputes ... scenes
civil disturbances; hostile; domestic; crime
when multiple agencies respond, it is important to know who is in … and will be issuing orders
command
law enforcement .. the scene before your entry, or uses the … and … technique. this involves the tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection
secures; cover; concealment
most behavioral emergencies do not …, but some do, and you must use caution in such circumstances
pose a threat
two types of sexual harassment:
quid pro quo: harasser requests … in exchange for something else, such as a promotion
hostile work environment: jokes, touching, leering, requirests for a date, talking about body parts
sexual favors
… (EAPs): provide an array of mental health; substance abuse; crisis management; counseling services
employee assistance programs
illness prevention programs shoul dinclude six interrelated and interdependent elements: ... leadership worker ... hazard ... and ... hazard ... and .. ... and .. program ... and ...
managmenet; participation; identification; assessment; prevention; control; education and training; eval; improvement
