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EMT > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

patients often complain of …: shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
can be caused by many different conditions
cause can be difficult to determine

A

dyspnea

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2
Q 
respiratory system includes all the structures that contribute to breathing: 
… 
… 
… of breathing 
… to the …
A

diaphragm
chest wall muscles
accessory muscles
nerves to the muscles

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3
Q 
upper airway consists of structures above the vocal chords: 
… and … 
… 
… 
… 
…
A 
nose; mouth
jaw
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx
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4
Q

the principal function of the lungs is … (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
air travels through .. into lungs, then on to bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

A

respiration; trachea

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5
Q

there are two processes that occur during respiration: … and …
oxygen is provided to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. in healthy lungs, this exchange of gases takes place … at the level of the alveoli

A

inspiration; expiration; rapidly

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6
Q

the alveoli lie against the …
oxygen passes freely through tiny passages in the … into these capillaries through the process of diffusion–> it is carried to the heart and pumped throughout the body
carbon dioxide returns to the lungs and is exhaled out of the body
the … senses the level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood–> if the level of carbon dioxide drops too low, the person automatically breathes at a … rate and … deeply
if the level of carbon dioxide rises above normal, the person breathes more … and more …

A

pulmonary capillary vessels; alveolar wall; brain stem; slower; less; rapidly; deeply

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7
Q 
oxygen exchange can be hindered by: 
conditions in the … of the airway 
… processes
… conditions
abnormalities in …
A

anatomy;
disease
traumatic
pulmonary vessels

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8
Q

CO2 retention and hypoxic drive:
patients will sometimes have an elevated level of CO2 in their arterial blood–> if levels remain elevated for a period of years, the … center in the brain may not function properly
the brain gradually accommodates high levels of carbon dioxide and then uses a “backup system” to control breathing based on low levels of oxygen, known as …
use caution when administering oxygen to these patients

A

respiratory; hypoxic drive

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9
Q 
patients often have dyspnea/hypoxia with: 
… 
… 
… 
obstruction of the … 
… syndrome 
…/… exposure
… overdose
A 
pulmonary edema
hay fever
pleural effusion 
airway
hyperventilation
environmental/industrial 
drug
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10
Q 
dyspneic patients may have: 
… obstructed
damaged. ..
obstructed … 
obstructed … to the lungs
excess … in the pleural space
A 
gas exchange
alveoli
air passages
blood flow
fluid
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11
Q

dyspnea is a common complaint in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases:
congestive heart failure causes the heart to pump … and deprives the body of oxygen
severe pain can cause a patient to experience .., … breathing without the presence of a primary pulmonary dysfunction

A

inefficiently; rapid; shallow

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12
Q

infectious diseases causing dyspnea may affect all parts of the airway–>oxygenation is a problem of inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues
some form of obstruction causes dyspnea:
… and … obstructing airflow in major passages
… of soft tissues in upper airways
impaired .. in the alveoli

A

mucus; secretion
swelling
exchange of gases

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13
Q

croup:
inflammation and swelling of …, …, and …
typically seen in children between 6 months and 3 yrs of age

A

pharynx; larynx; trachea

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14
Q

epiglottitis:
…. infection causing inflammation of epiglottis
children are found in the … position and …
position comfortably and provide oxygen

A

bacterial; tripod; drooling

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15
Q 
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
common cause of illness in young children
causes infection in the .. and ..
treat .. and … problems 
look for signs of …
A

lungs; passages; airway; breathing; dehydration

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16
Q

bronchiolitis is often caused by RSV:
usually affects … and ..
bronchioles become inflamed, …, and fill with…
provide … and frequently reassess for signs of respiratory distress

A

newborns; toddlers; swell; mucus; oxygen therapy

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17
Q

bacterial pneumonia will come on quickly and result in …
viral pneumonia presents more … and is less severe
especially affects people who are chronically ill
assess temp and provide airway support and supplemental oxygen

A

high fever; gradually

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18
Q

pertussis:
… infection that mostly affect children under 6 years
patients will be feverish and exhibit a “whoop” sound after a coughing attack
watch for …and suction as needed
highly contagious and is passed through … infection

A

airborne bacterial; dehydration; droplet

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19
Q

influenza type A:
became pandemic in 2009
symptoms include …, …, .., .., .., and ..
may lead to pneumonia or dehydration

A

fever; cough; sore throat; muscle aches; headache; fatigue

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20
Q

tuberculosis
bacterial infection that most often affects the …
can remain inactive for years
patients often complain of fever, coughing, fatigue, …, and weight loss
wear gloves, eye protection and an N-95 respirator

A

lungs; night sweats

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21
Q

acute pulmonary edema:
the left side of the heart cannot … from the lung as fast as the right side … it
… builds up within the alveoli and in lung tissue–> this accumulation of fluid is referred to as pulmonary edema
usually results from …

A

remove blood; delivers; fluid; congestive heart failure

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22
Q

acute pulmonary edema cont: ‘
patient usually experiences dyspnea with .., … respirations
ins evere cases, a … forms at the nose and mouth
not all patients with pulmonary edema have heart disease

A

rapid; shallow; frothy pink sputum

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23
Q

COPD:
slow process of … and disruption of airways and alveoli
caused by …
tobacco smoke can create chronic …–> excess mucus is produced, obstructing small airways and alveoli
umbrella term used to describe a few lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis

A

dilation; chronic bronchial obstruction; bronchitis;

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24
Q

chronic oxygenation problems can also lead to … and …: pneumonia develops easily, repeated episodes of irritation and pneumonia cause .. in the lung and some dilation of the obstructed alveoli, leading to …

A

right heart failure; fluid retention; scarring; COPD

25
Q

COPD cont:

patients with pulmonary edema will have … lung sounds (.., …) and patients with COPD will often have … lung sounds (…)

A

wet; rhonchi; crackles; dry; wheezes

26
Q

asthma, hay fever, and anaphylaxis result from an … to a substance
asthma is acute … of smaller air passages (…)

A

allergic rxn; spasm; bronchioles

27
Q

asthma affects all ages: most prevalent in children 5-17 yrs
produces characteristic …
asthma attack may be caused by .. rxn to foods/allergens or severe .., …, and … infections
associated with excessive … production and swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages

A

wheezing; allergic; emotional distress; exercise; respiratory; mucus

28
Q

hay fever causes …-like symptoms, including a runny nose, sneezing, congestion, and sinus pressure–> allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander
anaphylactic rxn can produce severe … and dilation of the blood vessels–> .. is possible; … is the treatment of choice; … and … are helpful

A

cold; airway swelling; total obstruction; epinephrine; oxygen; antihistamines

29
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax:
pneumothorax is accumulation of … in pleural space
most often caused by ..
may be caused by medical conditions–> “…”
… pressure in pleural space is lost–> when the lung is disrupted, air escapes into the pleural cavity and the negative pressure is lost

A

air; trauma; spontaneous pneumothorax; vacuum-like

30
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax cont:
occurs with … or in … lungs
patient becomes .. and might complain of pleuritic chest pain
breath sounds may be … on affected side

A

lung infections; weak; dyspneic; absent;

31
Q 
pleural effusion: 
collection of … … the lung 
it … the lung and causes dyspnea
can stem from irritation, infection, …, or … 
patient feels better …
A

fluid outside; compresses; congestive heart failure; cancer; sitting upright

32
Q

patient with dyspnea may have … obstruction

may be caused by … of vomitus or foreign object or … blocking the airway

A

mechanical; aspiration; tongue

33
Q

pulmonary embolism:
a … that circulates through the venous system–> … cut off partially or completely, significantly decreases …, if large enough, can cause …

A

blood clot; circulation; blood flow; sudden death

34
Q

an … is anything in the circulatory system that moves from its point of origin to a distant site and lodges there, obstructing blood flow. they can be foreign bodies such as a …

A

embolus; bubble of air

35
Q 
signs and symptoms of pulmonary emboli include the following: 
… 
… 
… 
varying degrees of .. 
… 
… 
…
A 
dyspnea
tachycardia 
tachypnea
hypoxia
cyanosis
acute chest pain 
hemoptysis
36
Q

hyperventilation is defined as overbreathing to the point that the level of … falls below normal–> this may be an indicator of a life-threatening illness
the body may be trying to compensate for .. (the buildup of excess acid in blood or body tissues)

A

arterial carbon dioxide; acidosis

37
Q

hyperventilation cont:
can result in … –> the buildup of excess base or lack of acids in body fluids
this can cause symptoms of hyperventilation syndrome (..), including:
…
…
…
… of the hands and feet
… of the hands and or feet (carpopedal spasms)

A 
alkalosis; panic attack
anxiety
dizziness
numbness
tingling
painful spasms
38
Q

pesticides, cleaning solutions, chemicals, chlorine, and other gases can be released
CO:
…
highly poisonous
produced by … appliances and …
people with CO poisoning complain of .. symptoms and even …
… by … is the best treatment for conscious patients

A

odorless; fuel-burning; smoke; flu-like; dyspnea; high-flow oxygen; nonrebreathing mask

39
Q

scene safety:
use standard precautions and PPE
consider possibility of … or …
if there are multiple people with dyspnea, consider the possibility of an airborne hazardous material release
MOI/NOI:
ask why 911 was activated
question the patient family, and/or bystanders to determine NOI

A

infectious disease; toxic substance

40
Q

primary assessment:
identify immediate life threats
form a general impression: note age and position of patient, use AVPU, ask patient about chief complaint
make sure airway is patent and …
evaluate for adequate breathing (rate, rhythm, quality)
assess …

A

adequate; breath sounds

41
Q

assessing breath sounds:
listen over bare chest
determine whether breath sounds are … (vesicular, bronchial), …, .., or … (adventitious breath sounds)
listen to breath sounds for a full …
abnormal sounds include snoring, wheezing, crackles, rhonchi, and stridor

A

normal; decreased; absent; abnormal; respiratory cycle

42
Q

primary assess cont
circulation: assess pulse rate, rhythm, and quality; assess for … and …, assess skin CTC
transport decision: address any life threats, proceed with rapid transport

A

shock; bleeding

43
Q 
History: '
investigate chief complaint 
SAMPLE history
OPQRST assessment
… assessment for patients with dyspnea
A

paste

44
Q

secondary assessment: more in-depth, proceed only after addressing life threats
look for signs of .. versus ..
patients with COPD are usually:
older than … yrs of age
often have a history of … problems
are almost always long-term active/former …
complain of … in the chest and constant ..
chest may have a …-like appearance
often use … to breathe
exhibit … breath sounds

A 
COPD; congestive heart failure; 
50
lung
cigarette smokers
tightness; fatigue
barrel
accessory muscles
abnormal
45
Q 
reassessment: 
repeat the primary assessment and assess for changes in condition 
interventions may include: 
oxygen via NRB at 15 L/min
positive pressure ventilations
airway management technique
… 
assisting with … 
communicate all relevant info to the staff at the receiving hospital
A

positioning; respiratory medications

46
Q

emergency medical care:
administer oxygen and monitor respirations
patient may have … or … consult medical control and make sure … is indicated
most medications are used to … the muscles that surround the air passages in the lungs

A

metered-dose inhaler; small-volume nebulizer

medication; relax

47
Q 
common side effects of inhalers: 
increased … 
… 
… 
medication from an inhaler is delivered through the respiratory tract to the lung
A

pulse rate
nervousness
muscle tremors

48
Q 
upper/lower airway infection 
administer .. (if available)
do not attempt to .. the airway or place an .. 
position comfortably
transport promptly
A

humidified ox; suction; OPA

49
Q 
acute pulmonary edema: 
provide … 
.. if necessary
position comfortably 
provide … if indicated and allowed by protocol 
transport promptly
A

100% ox
suction
CPAP

50
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
assist with ..–> watch for side effects from overuse
position comfortably
transport promptly

A

prescribed inhaler

51
Q

asthma, hay fever, and anaphylaxis:
be prepared to …
assist asthma patient with ..
provide aggressive airway management, oxygen, and prompt transport
… is unlikely to need emergency treatment
… will respond to epinephrine

A

suction; prescribed inhaler; hay fever; anaphylaxis

52
Q 
spontaneous pneumothorax:
provide … 
transport promptly and monitor carefully
pleural effusion: 
fluid removal must be done in hospital 
provide ..
transport promptly
A

supplemental oxygen; oxygen

53
Q

obstruction of airwY:
partial obstruction–> provide .. and transport
complete obstruction–> … the obstruction and administer …
for both: transport rapidly to ED

A

supplemental oxygen; clear; oxygen

54
Q

pulmonary embolism
… is necessary
position comfortably
if hemoptysis is present, … transport promptly

A

supplemental oxygen; clear airway

55
Q 
hyperventilation:
complete primary assessment and gather history
do not have patient … 
reassure patient
provide … 
transport promptly
A

breathe into paper bag; supplemental ox

56
Q 
environmental/industrial exposure: 
ensure patients are …
treat with …, adjuncts, and suction based on presentation 
foreign body aspiration:
clear the airway
provide … and transport
A

decontaminated; oxygen; oxygen

57
Q 
tracheostomy dysfunction: 
position comfortably
… 
provide … 
asthma: 
provide .,..
use …
A

suction; oxygen; blow-by oxygen; MDIs

58
Q

cystic fibrosis:
… disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system
… and .. as needed
symptoms range from sinus congestion to wheezing and asthma-like complaints

A

genetic; suction; oxygenate

EMT (45 decks)

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