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EMT > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

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1
Q 
weapons of mass destruction: 
Also called weapons of mass casualty
Any agent designed to bring about:
… 
… 
Massive damage to … and …
B-NICE and CBRNE are mnemonics for the kinds of WMDs.
A

mass death
casualties
property; infrastructure

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2
Q 
...have been the preferred WMD.
Chemical agents consist of:
… (blister agents)
… agents (choking agents)
… agents
... agents (cyanides)
A 
Explosives 
vesicants
respiratory
nerve
metabolic
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3
Q 
Biologic terrorism/warfare
Biologic agents are organisms that cause disease.
The primary types are:
… 
… 
...
A

viruses
bacteria
toxins

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4
Q

Nuclear/radiologic terrorism
Only two publicly known incidents: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
These materials are far easier for a determined terrorist to acquire and require less expertise to use.
“… can cause widespread panic
Recognizing a terrorist event
Planning of acts of terror is covert.
You must know the current threat level issued by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
.

A

Dirty bombs”

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5
Q

…(NTAS).
Alerts from the NTAS contain a … and the actions that first responders, government agencies, and the public can take to maintain safety.

A

National Terrorism Advisory System; summary of the threat

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6
Q 
On every call, you must make the following observations:
Type of … 
Type of ... 
… of patients
Victims’ ... 
... indicators
A 
location
call 
number
statements
preincident
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7
Q

Scene safety
Stage your vehicle a safe distance away.
Wait for law enforcement personnel.
If you have any doubt, do not enter.
The best location for staging is upwind and uphill from the incident.
…:
Additional explosives set to explode after the initial bomb

A

upwind; uphill; Secondary device

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8
Q

Responder safety
The best form of protection is preventing yourself from coming in contact with the agent.
The greatest threats facing you in a WMD attack are …and ….

A

contamination; cross-contamination

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9
Q 
Notification procedures
Notify the dispatcher of:
The … of the event
Any … that may be required
The estimated … of patients
The … or …  of approach

Establish a …
Trained responders in PPE are the only persons equipped to handle the WMD incident.

A 
nature
additional resources
number
upwind; optimal route
staging area
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10
Q 
Establishing command
You may need to establish command until additional personnel arrive.
You and other EMTs may function as:
... directors
..., ..., or ...supervisors
...officers
...and general staff
A

medical branch
triage; treatment; transportation
logistics
command

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11
Q

Liquids or gases that are dispersed to kill or injure
… agents can remain on a surface for long periods.
…agents evaporate rapidly.

A

Persistent (nonvolatile)

Nonpersistent (volatile)

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12
Q

… is a term used to describe how the agent most effectively enters the body.
Agents with a vapor hazard enter through the … in the form of vapors.
Agents with a … hazard (or skin hazard) give off very little vapor or no vapors and enter the body through the skin.

A

Route of exposure; respiratory tract; contact

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13
Q

vesicants:
Primary route is the …
Cause … to form on the victim’s skin and in the respiratory tract
Usually cause the most damage to … or …areas of the body
Signs of vesicant exposure on the skin
Signs and symptoms if vapors were inhaled

A

skin (contact).
burnlike blisters
damp; moist

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14
Q

vesicants:
Sulfur mustard (H)
Brownish-yellowish oily substance
Generally considered very … Begins an irreversible process of damage to the cells
Attacks vulnerable cells within the … and depletes the body’s ability to reproduce …
Sulfur mustard vapors can be inhaled, creating upper and lower airway compromise.

A

persistent; bone marrow; white blood cells

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15
Q

Lewisite (L) and phosgene oxime (CX)
Produce …wounds very similar to those caused by mustard
Produce immediate intense pain and discomfort when contact is made
The patient may have a … discoloration at the contaminated site.
Vesicant agent treatment

A

blister; grayish

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16
Q

pulmonary agents:
Gases that cause immediate harm to persons exposed to them
Primary route is through the ….
Once inside the lungs, they damage the lung tissue and … leaks into the lungs.
…develops, resulting in difficulty breathing because of severely impaired gas exchange.

A

respiratory tract
fluid
Pulmonary edema

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17
Q

pulmonary agents:
Chlorine (Cl)
First chemical agent ever used in warfare
Initially, produces …irritation and a … sensation
Signs and symptoms

A

upper airway; choking

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18
Q 
Phosgene
Product of combustion
pulmonary agents: 
…: 
Very potent agent with a delayed onset of symptoms
Signs and symptoms of mild exposure
Pulmonary agent treatment
A

phosgene

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19
Q

nerve agents:
Among the most deadly chemicals developed
Can cause …within seconds to minutes of exposure
…came from the early nerve agents, the G series.
Nerve agents all produce similar symptoms but have varying routes of entry.
Use SLUDGEM and DUMBELS

A

cardiac arrest; G agents

20
Q

metabolic agents:
Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK) are both agents that affect the body’s ability to ….
Commonly found in many industrial settings
Associated with …, …, …, and …Signs and symptoms of high doses
Cyanide agent treatment

A

use oxygen; dizziness; light-headedness; headache; vomiting

21
Q

biologic agents:
Can be almost completely undetectable
Diseases caused will be similar to other minor illnesses
May be spread in various ways
…is the means by which a terrorist will spread the agent.
A … is an animal that spreads disease to another animal.

A

Dissemination

disease vector

22
Q

biologic agents:
How easily the disease is able to spread from one human to another human is called ….
…is the period of time between the person becoming exposed to the agent and the appearance of the first symptoms.

A

communicability

Incubation

23
Q

Smallpox is highly contagious.
You must wear examination gloves, a HEPA-filtered respirator, and eye protection.
Observe the … , …, and … of the lesions.

A

size; shape; location

24
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)
Causes the blood in the body to .. from the tissues and blood vessels
The patient will have … symptoms, progressing to more serious symptoms such as internal and external ….
All standard precautions must be taken.

A

seep out; flulike; hemorrhaging

25
Q

bacteria:
Inhalation and cutaneous anthrax
Anthrax is caused by a deadly bacterium that lays dormant in a spore.
Routes of entry are …, …, and ….
…anthrax is the most deadly.
Antibiotics can be used to treat anthrax successfully.

A

inhalation; cutaneous; gastrointestinal

pulmonary

26
Q

bacteria contd:
Plague
Natural vectors are … and ….
…infects the lymphatic system and creates buboes.
… is a lung infection that results from inhalation of plague bacteria.

A

rodents; fleas; Bubonic plague; Pneumonic plague

27
Q

neurotoxins:
Most deadly substances known to humans
Produced from …, … animals, …, and …
Route of entry is ingestion, inhalation, or injection.
Not contagious and have a faster onset of symptoms

A

plants; marine; molds; bacteria

28
Q

neurotoxins:
Botulinum toxin
Most potent neurotoxin
Produced by … Affects the nervous system’s ability to function
… diminishes.
Eventually the toxin causes muscle paralysis, leading to …

A

bacteria;
Voluntary muscle control
respiratory arrest.

29
Q 
neurotoxins: 
Ricin
Derived from mash from the castor bean
Causes ... and ...and ... failure, leading to death
Quite stable and extremely toxic
Signs and symptoms
Treatment
A

pulmonary edema; respiratory; circulatory

30
Q

…:
Monitoring of patients presenting to EDs and alternative care facilities
Patients with signs and symptoms that resemble influenza are important.
Quality assurance and dispatch need to be aware of an unusual number of calls from patients with unexplainable symptom clusters.

A

Syndromic surveillance

31
Q

…:
Established in the time of need for the mass distribution of antibiotics, antidotes, vaccinations, and other medications and supplies
Push packs distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Strategic National Stockpile
Push packs have a delivery time of 12 hours anywhere in the country.

A

Points of distribution (POD)

32
Q

radiologic/nuclear devices:
Ionizing radiation is emitted in the form of …, or ….
Alpha, beta, gamma (x-ray), and neutron radiation
… is the least harmful type.
… is slightly more penetrating.
… rays are faster and stronger.
… particles are the most powerful.

A 
rays; particles 
alpha
beta
gamma
neutron
33
Q

Once radiologic material has been used, the remaining material is called ….
These materials can be found at:
Hospitals and health care facilities with radiology departments
Colleges and universities
Nuclear power plants
Chemical and industrial sites

A

radiologic waste

34
Q

Radiologic dispersal devices (RDDs)
Any container designed to …
A “dirty bomb” can injure victims with the radioactive or explosive material.
The dirty bomb is an ineffective WMD.

A

disperse radioactive material

35
Q

Nuclear energy is artificially made by ….
The result is an immense amount of energy that usually takes the form of heat.
Nuclear material is used in:
Medicine
Weapons
Naval vessels
Power plants

A

altering (splitting) radioactive atoms

36
Q

Nuclear weapons
Kept only in secure facilities
The likelihood of a nuclear attack is extremely remote.
The whereabouts of many small nuclear devices are unknown: …(SADM)

A

Special Atomic Demolition Munition

37
Q

Patients exposed to excessive radiation are considered victims of ..
Effects of radiation exposure will vary depending on the …of radiation and the …
Radiation can be introduced into the body by all routes of entry.

A

acute radiation toxicity; amount; route of entry

38
Q

Being exposed to a radiation source does not make a patient contaminated or radioactive.
However, when patients have a radioactive source on their body, they must be initially cared for by a …
After decontamination, you may begin treatment with the ABCs.
Wear appropriate PPE and place all body fluids in …for proper disposal.

A

HazMat responder; containers

39
Q

There is no protective gear designed to completely shield you from radiation.
The less time that you are exposed to the source, the …will be.
Make certain that responders are stationed far enough from the incident.
Always assume it is the strongest form of radiation and use … shielding.

A

less the effects; concrete

40
Q

… (used to start fires) and … devices come in various shapes and sizes.
It is important to identify an object you believe is a potential device.
Notify the authorities and safely evacuate the area.
Always remember that there is the possibility of a secondary device when you respond to the scene.

A

Incendiary; explosive

41
Q

Primary blast injury
Direct effects of the pressure wave on the body
Seen almost exclusively in the … organs
An injury to the … causes the greatest morbidity and mortality.
Secondary blast injury
Penetrating or nonpenetrating injury that results from …

A

hollow; lungs; flying debris

42
Q 
Tertiary blast injury
Whole body displacement and subsequent impact with ...
Also includes ...
Quaternary blast injury
Any other injury caused by a blast
A

environmental objects; crush injury

43
Q

The physics of an explosion
When a substance is detonated, a solid or liquid is chemically converted into …under high pressure.
This generates a …
Flying debris and high winds commonly cause conventional blunt and penetrating trauma.

A

gas;; spherical blast wave.

44
Q

Hollow organs such as the …, …, and … are most susceptible to pressure changes.
The … is the organ system most sensitive to blast injuries.
Primary pulmonary blast injuries occur as contusions and hemorrhages.

A

middle ear; lung; GI tract; ear

45
Q

… is the most common cause of death from blast injury.
… and head trauma are also common causes of death from blast injuries.
Extremity injuries, including traumatic amputations, are common.

A

Blast lung; Neurologic injuries

EMT (45 decks)

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