Chapter 10 Flashcards
brain tissue will begin to die within .. to … minutes without oxygen
4; 6
oxygen reaches body tissues and cells through two separate but related processes: … and …
breathing; circulation
during …, oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the lungs. oxygen then crosses the alveolar membrane and attaches to … by a process called diffusion. … carry the hemoglobin, and therefore oxygen, through the boyd, ultimately delivering it to the … to oxygenate the body’s cells. at the same time, co2, produced by the cells in the tissues of the body, moves from the blood into … by diffusion. oxygen-enriched blood is pumped through the body by the heart. CO2 leaves the body during …
inhalation; hemoglobin; red blood cells; capillaries; air sacs; exhalation
the respiratory system consists of all the structures that make up the … and help us breathe, or …
airway; ventilate
the airway is divided into the upper and lower airways. structures that help us breathe: … …. muscles … muscles of breathing … from the brain and … to those muscles
diaphragm; chest wall; accessory; nerves; spinal cord
ventilation is the exchange of air between the … and the …
lungs; environment
the diaphragm and chest wall muscles are responsible for the regular … and … of the chest that accompany normal breathing
rise; fall
the upper airway consists of all anatomic airway structures above the vocal cords: .. … … … .. …
nose mouth jaw oral cavity pharynx larynx
the main function of the upper airway is to …, …, and … air as it enters the body
warm; filter; humidify
pharynx: muscular tube extending from nose and mouth to the level of … and …
composed from top to bottom, of the …, …,a nd …
esophagus; trachea; nasopharynx; oropharynx; laryngopharynx
nasopharynx:
lined with ciliated mucous membrane that filters out … and …
… and … air as it enters the body
dust; small particles; warms; humidifies
oropharynx:
posterior portion of the oral cavity;
the epiglottis is superior to the … –> helps prevent food and liquid from entering it during …
larynx; swallowing
(larynx) complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures
marks where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins
the thyroid cartilage froms a “v” shape anteriorly–> the adam’s apple
the cricoid cartilage (cricoid …) forms the lowest portion of the larynx
the cricothyroid membrane is the elastic tissue that connects the thyroid superiorly to the cricoid ring inferiorily
the … (… opening) is the area between the vocal cords –> narrowest part of an adult’s airway
ring; glottis; glottis
(larynx) vocal cords are whit bands of thin … –> partially … at rest, produce speech, protect the trachea from the entry of substances like … and ..
muscle tissue; separated; water; vomitus
the function of the lower airway is to deliver … to the …
oxygen; alveoli
trachea (windpipe):
conduit for air entry into the lungs
begins directly below the …
descends anteriorly down the midline of the neck into the …
cricoid cartilage; thoracic cavity
in the thoracic cavity, the trachea divides at the carina into two main stem bronchi, right and left. the bronchi are supported by … and distribute oxygen to the two lungs. lung tissue is covered with the …, a slippery outer membrane. the … lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
cartilage; visceral pleura; parietal pleura
on entering the lungs, each bronchus divides into ever-smaller bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which are made of …; bronchioles … and … as oxygen passes through them
smooth muscle; dilate; constrict
smaller bronchioles connect to …, where ox and carbon diox are exchanged. these
alveoli
alveoli are millions of thin-walled, balloon-like sacs. alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels (..). Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the …,where they are then transported back tot he heart and distributed to the rest of the body. Carbon dioxide (waste) diffuses from these capillaries into the alveoli, where it is exhaled and removed from the body
pulmonary capillaries; pulmonary capillaries
the heart and great vessels (the … and …) are also present in the thoracic cavity and are important for respiration
vena cava; aorta
the … is the area between the lungs, which contains: … … … … major … many …
mediastinum; heart great vessels esophagus trachea bronchi nerves
the … is also found in the thorax and is an important structure of the nervous system; it allows the diaphragm to …, which is necessary for breathing to occur
phrenic nerve; contract
the … and … systems work together to ensure that a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients is delivered to all of the cells of the body and to remove CO2 and waste products from the cells
respiratory; cardiovascular