Chapter 51: The Reproductive Systems (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards
The creation of new individuals from existing ones is defined as ____________.
Blank 1: reproduction
In the animal kingdom, there are two general types of reproduction: __________ and _________ reproduction.
Blank 1: sexual
Blank 2: asexual
Haploid reproductive cells are called __________
Blank 1: gametes
Offspring that are genetically different from their parents are generated through __________ reproduction.
Blank 1: sexual
Reproduction without the union of male and female gametes is referred to as ____________ reproduction.
Blank 1: asexual
The processes by which organisms replicate themselves and multiply is known as _________.
Blank 1: reproduction
The two main types of reproduction in animals are known as _____.
Multiple choice question.
horizontal and vertical
sexual and asexual
vertebrate and invertebrate
binary and multiple
sexual and asexual
A female gamete is called a(n) _____.
Multiple choice question.
ovum
endospore
uterus
spermatozoon
zygote
ovum
In sexual reproduction, haploid cells called _________ from two different parents join to form a diploid cell.
gametes
Select all that apply
Select all of the types of asexual reproduction seen in animals.
Multiple select question.
Regeneration
Fission
Fertilization
Parthenogenesis
Budding
Regeneration
Parthenogenesis
Budding
Asexual and sexual reproduction are similar in that _____.
Multiple choice question.
both result in passing chromosomes to the next generation
both result in increased genetic diversity in the offspring
both involve the fusion of two haploid cells
both involve the fusion of two diploid cells
both result in passing chromosomes to the next generation
All of the following are advantages of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction EXCEPT:
Multiple choice question.
it allows for rapid reproduction at any time
it allows an individual to reproduce in isolation
it produces large numbers of offspring
it produces genetically-diverse offspring
it produces genetically-diverse offspring
Male and female gametes are formed in the _______.
Blank 1: gonads
Male gametes are called _____, which is usually shortened to sperm cells.
Multiple choice question.
spermatozoa
spermatogonia
spermatophores
spermatocytes
spermatozoa
Germ cells constitute the starting material of gametogenesis. These divide by _____ resulting in _____ cells called spermatogonia or oogonia.
Multiple choice question.
meiosis; diploid
mitosis; diploid
mitosis; haploid
meiosis; haploid
mitosis; diploid
Animals use one of three major types of asexual reproduction: _______, _________, and __________.
Blank 1: budding
Blank 2: parthenogenesis
Blank 3: regeneration
In a male animal, the cells that begin meiosis are called ___________ __________.
Blank 1: primary
Blank 2: spermatocytes
In the context of species survival, the major difference between asexual and sexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic ________ due to the mechanism of genetic ________.
Blank 1: variation, variety, diversity, differences, variance, or variability
Blank 2: recombination, crossing-over, crossovers, crossing over, or cross over
Which of the following BEST describes the formation of male gametes in humans?
Multiple choice question.
Spermatogenesis
Parthenogenesis
Androgenesis
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Which of the following statements about the types of reproduction is TRUE?
Multiple choice question.
Asexual reproduction is more advantageous for nonmotile animals; sexual reproduction is more advantageous for animals living in stable environments.
Sexual reproduction is more advantageous for BOTH nonmotile animals and those that live in stable environments.
Sexual reproduction is more advantageous for nonmotile animals; asexual reproduction is more advantageous for animals living in stable environments.
Asexual reproduction is more advantageous for BOTH nonmotile animals and those that live in stable environments.
Asexual reproduction is more advantageous for BOTH nonmotile animals and those that live in stable environments.
The process that occurs in the ovaries which results in the production of female gametes is ________.
Blank 1: oogenesis
The male gonads are called the _________, while the female gonads are called the __________.
testes; ovaries
How many haploid gametes are formed by spermatogenesis?
Multiple choice question.
4
8
1
2
6
4
Gametogenesis begins with diploid cells called _________ cells, which multiply by mitosis.
Blank 1: germ
The union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote is called ___________.
Blank 1: fertilization
Which of the following are the cells that begin meiosis in female animals?
Multiple choice question.
Ootids
Secondary oocytes
Primary oocytes
Oogonia
Primary oocytes
Fishes reproduce by _________ fertilization.
Blank 1: external
The formation of haploid sperm from the original diploid germ cell is ____________
Blank 1: spermatogenesis
In most amphibians, females release a _____.
Multiple choice question.
single egg every time
large number of eggs at once
few eggs at once
large number of eggs at once
The production of egg cells in humans is a process called _____.
Multiple choice question.
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
parthenogenesis
cytogenesis
oogenesis
What best describes the process by which males deposit sperm within the female reproductive tract?
Multiple choice question.
Conjugation
Transduction
Copulation
Transformation
Copulation
The number of functional gametes produced during oogenesis is _____ the number of gametes produced during spermatogenesis.
Multiple choice question.
more than
fewer than
the same as
fewer than
The external structures of the male reproductive tract include the ____________ and the _________.
Blank 1: penis
Blank 2: scrotum
Which of the following groups of animals reproduce by external fertilization?
Multiple choice question.
Birds
Sheep
Fish
Humans
Fish
Which of the following is a neurohormone-synthesizing structure that lies at the base of the brain?
Multiple choice question.
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Prostate gland
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Select all that apply
Which of the following are challenges that externally fertilized eggs may face?
Multiple select question.
Desiccation after fertilization
Potentially lethal changes due to water temperature
Washed downstream by currents
Predator ingestion
Potentially lethal changes due to water temperature
Washed downstream by currents
Predator ingestion
The act of transferring sperm to the female reproductive tract is called _____.
Multiple choice question.
ovulation
copulation
spermatogenesis
ejaculation
copulation
Fertilization in the human female reproductive tract usually occurs in the __________.
Blank 1: oviducts or oviduct
The sac which holds the male’s testes outside of the body cavity is called the _____.
Multiple choice question.
scrotum
penis
seminal vesicle
epididymis
scrotum
Which of the following statements about gametogenesis is true?
Multiple choice question.
Spermatogenesis is continual, whereas oogenesis is cyclical.
Spermatogenesis is cyclical, whereas oogenesis is continual.
Both spermatogenesis and oogenesis are cyclical.
Both spermatogenesis and oogenesis are continual.
Spermatogenesis is continual, whereas oogenesis is cyclical.
A structure at the base of the brain which produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone is called the _________.
Blank 1: hypothalamus
Stimulating the development of the uterus in the event of a pregnancy by hormone production is the role of the corpus __________
Blank 1: luteum
Which of the following structures is produced from the cells of the empty follicle after ovulation?
Multiple choice question.
Corpus luteum
Labia majora
Labia minora
Corpus albicans
Corpus luteum
Growth and differentiation of the follicle occur during the _________ phase of the ovarian cycle.
Blank 1: follicular
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the levels of LH are ______.
Multiple choice question.
high
intermediate
low
low
Oogenesis can best be described as a _____.
Multiple choice question.
continuous process that occurs in the ovaries
cyclical process that occurs in the ovaries
cyclical process that occurs in the oviducts
continuous process that occurs in the oviducts
cyclical process that occurs in the ovaries
Ovulation signals the end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the __________ phase of the ovarian cycle.
Blank 1: luteal
If a pregnancy does not occur, the ______ degenerates, and a new group of follicles with their primary oocytes develops.
Multiple choice question.
myometrium
ovary
oviduct
corpus luteum
corpus luteum
The dominant ovarian hormone of the luteal phase is ________. It inhibits LH and FSH secretion, and it further prepares the uterus for receiving and nourishing the embryo.
Blank 1: progesterone
After ovulation, cells in the empty follicle proliferate and develop into a structure called the ________ _________.
Blank 1: corpus
Blank 2: luteum
if fertilization does occur, the blastocyst develops a surrounding layer of cells that secrete an LH-like hormone, called chorionic gonadotropin, which maintains the ________ ________ and its ability to secrete progesterone.
Blank 1: corpus
Blank 2: luteum
The first half of the ovarian cycle is referred to as the _____ phase.
Multiple choice question.
fertilization
uterine
menstrual
follicular
vaginal
follicular
Low levels of LH during the follicular phase stimulate the cells of the follicle to produce _______.
FSH
eggs
progesterone
estradiol
estradiol
A surge of LH on the fourteenth day of the human ovarian cycle causes a mature ______ to rupture and ______ to occur.
Multiple choice question.
blastocoel; fertilization
follicle; fertilization
blastocoel; ovulation
follicle; ovulation
follicle; ovulation
Which hormone is tested for by some home pregnancy tests?
Multiple choice question.
Estrogen
Progesterone
Chorionic gonadotropin
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Chorionic gonadotropin
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements about the luteal phase is TRUE?
Multiple select question.
It has continuous high levels of FSH and LH.
The dominant ovarian hormone is progesterone.
It ends with ovulation.
It follows the follicular phase.
It is named after the corpus luteum.
The dominant ovarian hormone is progesterone.
It follows the follicular phase.
It is named after the corpus luteum.
In humans, the uterine cycle, or ________ cycle deals with the development of the _________, the glandular inner layer of the uterus.
Blank 1: menstrual
Blank 2: endometrium
Chorionic gonadotropin maintains the corpus luteum and its ability to secrete _____.
Multiple choice question.
luteinizing hormone
androgens
progesterone
follicle stimulating hormone
progesterone
The time during which a developing embryo and fetus grows in the mother’s uterus is called a _________.
Blank 1: pregnancy or gestation
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the levels of LH are ______.
high
intermediate
low
low
In most mammals, the the organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus and helps dispose of its metabolic wastes is the __________.
Blank 1: placenta
Another name for the uterine cycle is the _____ cycle.
Multiple choice question.
menstrual
vaginal
follicular
menstrual
Pregnancy, or _____ is the time during which a developing embryo and fetus grows in the mother’s uterus.
Multiple choice question.
Parturition
Fertilization
Gestation
Conception
Gestation
Very strong, rhythmic uterine contractions indicate that ______ has begun.
Blank 1: labor
Embryonic development is BEST described as the process by which a(n) ________ is transformed into an organism with distinct physiological systems and body parts.
Multiple choice question.
cavity
somite
zygote
adult
zygote
In the early stages of vertebrate development, the process of cleavage yields successive cells that _____.
Multiple choice question.
grow larger and larger
are about the same size as the original zygote
become smaller and smaller
begin cellular differentiation immediately
become smaller and smaller
The organ that connects the embryo to the blood vessels of the mother’s endometrium is the ________.
Blank 1: placenta
During embryonic development, the blastula or blastocyst develops into a highly organized structure called a(n) _________ as a result of major cell movements.
Blank 1: gastrula
The binding of oxytocin to its receptors initiates strong uterine muscle contractions that highlight _____.
Multiple choice question.
ovulation
labor
implantation
lactation
labor
Which of the following processes occur during neurulation?
Multiple choice question.
Establishment of the three germ layers
Invagination and involution
Formation of the PGCs
Formation of the CNS
Formation of the CNS
The process by which a fertilized egg is transformed into an organism with distinct physiological systems and body parts is called __________ development.
Blank 1: embryonic
A specialized structure that consists of arrangements of two or more tissue types is referred to as a(n) _______.
Blank 1: organ
The initial cell cycles of embryos are unique because they involve repeated cell divisions without cell growth. The process by which these cell cycles occur is called __________.
Blank 1: cleavage
_____ is the inability of a man to produce sufficient numbers or quality of sperm to impregnate a woman, or the inability of a woman to become pregnant or maintain a pregnancy.
Multiple choice question.
Infertility
Senescence
Apoptosis
Impotence
Consanguinity
Infertility
The multistep embryonic process responsible for initiating CNS formation is _________.
neurulation
Which of the following procedures involves a first step of placing together sperm and eggs in culture dishes?
Multiple choice question.
External fertilization
Artificial insemination
Tubal ligation
In vitro fertilization
In vitro fertilization
The use of methods to prevent ______ is termed contraception.
Multiple choice question.
menstruation
gametogenesis
regeneration
fertilization
fertilization
Placing sperm and eggs together in culture dishes, allowing fertilization to proceed and embryos to develop before introducing them into a woman’s __________ with the goal that one will implant are all elements of the technique of _________ _________ fertilization.
Blank 1: uterus
Blank 2: in
Blank 3: vitro
[Quiz Start]
Which of these gland-hormone pairs is mismatched?
Question 1 options:
adrenal-parathyroid hormone
thyroid-thyroid hormone
anterior pituitary-growth hormone
ovaries-progesterone
pancreas-insulin
adrenal-parathyroid hormone
In our case study, we compared asexual and sexual reproduction. Which of the following is not a potential advantage of asexual reproduction?
Question 2 options:
It allows animals that do not move around to produce offspring without finding mates.
It produces genetically diverse populations.
It allows animals that are genetically well suited to a particular environment to quickly expand their populations.
It saves the time and energy required to produce gametes.
It produces genetically diverse populations.
In our case study, we learned about different methods of reproduction. Hermaphrodites are animals that
Question 3 options:
possess both male and female reproductive systems.
must fertilize themselves.
have the gonads of one sex but the external appearance of the other.
develop from unfertilized eggs.
must fertilize themselves.
WRONG
The sharp peak of estradiol secretion during the ovarian cycle
Question 4 options:
inhibits progesterone production.
stimulates growth of the uterine lining.
inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH.
stimulates the secretion of LH and ovulation.
stimulates completion of meiosis I.
stimulates growth of the uterine lining.
WRONG
Thyroid hormone is to amphibian metamorphosis as this compound is to insect molting.
Question 5 options:
ecdysone
aldosterone
butterfly peptide
estrogen
cortisol
ecdysone
Which of the following lists the structures of the male reproductive tract in the proper order from sperm production to ejaculation?
Question 6 options:
epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, urethra
seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, urethra, ejaculatory duct
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
vas deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, urethra
vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, urethra
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
What can be said about peptide hormones?
Question 7 options:
They bind intracellular receptors to elicit a response on target cells.
They bind membrane receptors to elicit a response on target cells.
They are generally water-soluble.
They are lipid soluble.
They are water-soluble and bind to membrane receptors to elicit a response on target cells.
They are water-soluble and bind to membrane receptors to elicit a response on target cells.
What are the three glands that produce the liquid portion of semen?
Question 8 options:
prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral
seminal vesicle, Leydig, hypothalamus
hypothalamus, prostate, Leydig
seminal vesicles, hypothalamus, bulbourethral
Leydig, prostate, bulbourethral
prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral
Parathyroid hormone’s main function is to
Question 9 options:
increase insulin-like growth factor I and linear body growth.
synergize with thyroid hormone in various functions.
increase calcium by mobilizing the ion from bone.
increase glucose mobilization during stress or fasting.
increase sodium through reabsorption from kidney.
increase calcium by mobilizing the ion from bone.
A problem with the action or production of this substance leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus.
Question 10 options:
insulin
thyroid hormone
growth hormone
glucagon
cortisol
insulin
In what order do sperm move through the structures of the female reproductive tract?
Question 11 options:
endometrium, cervix, uterus, oviduct
vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct
ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina
vagina, uterus, oviduct, ovary
cervix, vagina, uterus, oviduct
vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct
What is true of the corpus luteum?
Question 12 options:
Secretions of the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo.
Secretions of the corpus luteum stimulate LH and FSH secretion.
Secretions of the corpus luteum induce maturation of primary oocytes.
The major hormone secreted from the corpus luteum is LH.
The major hormone secreted from the corpus luteum is estradiol.
Secretions of the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo.
Fertilization in the female reproductive tract typically occurs in the
Question 13 options:
ovary.
upper part of the oviduct.
lower part of the oviduct.
uterus.
upper part of the oviduct.
In humans, a secondary oocyte finishes meiosis II
Question 14 options:
following ovulation once a month.
Upon release from the ovary.
in the fetus of the female before birth.
before ovulation once a month.
only if fertilized.
Upon release from the ovary.
WRONG
Gametes are
Question 15 options:
polyploid cells formed from mitosis.
diploid cells formed from mitosis.
haploid cells formed from meiosis.
haploid cells formed from mitosis.
diploid cells formed from meiosis.
haploid cells formed from mitosis.
WRONG
