Chapter 46: Nutrition and Digestion (Part 1, Week 12) Flashcards
What is any substance that is taken in by a living organism and is required for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction?
A nutrient.
What is the process of consuming and using nutrients?
Nutrition
What are the four phases of food processing in animals?
Ingestion, digestion, absoption, and egestion.
What, in animals, is the act of taking food into the body?
Ingestion
What, in animals, is the single elongated tube of a digestive system, with an opening at either end through which food and eventually wastes pass from one end to the other?
Alimentary canal
What is the process of breaking down nutrients in food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelia and directly used by cells?
Digestion
What is the process in which ions, water, and small molecules diffuse or are transported out of the alimentary canal into an animal’s body fluids?
Absorption
What, in animals, is the process of eliminating undigested material from the body?
Egestion (or defecation)
[Start 46.1 Animal Nutrition]
What are the five categories that organic nutrients fall into?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
What do inorganic nutrients include?
Water and minerals such as calcium, copper, and iron.
What is an animal that eats on plants, and has microorganisms that assit in the digestion of cellulose?
What is an animal that consumes animal flesh or fluids?
What is an animal that consumes both plants and animals for food?
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
What do carbohydrates supply?
Energy-yielding glucose and the carbon required for building organic molecules.
What supplies amnio acids that, in addition to being building blocks for new _________, can also be used as an energy source?
Proteins
What do lipds supply?
Components for membrane-building and thermal insulation and also provide energy.
What do nucleic acids supply?
Some of the components required for DNA, RNA, and ATP synthesis.
What organic nutrient deficiency leads to muscle weakness and weight loss?
Carbohydrates
What organic nutrient deficiency weight loss, muscle loss, weakness, weakened immune system, increased likelihood of infections?
Proteins
What organic nutrient deficiency leads to hair loss, dry skin, weight loss, hormonal and reproductive disorders?
Lipids
T/F If an organism does not eat nucleic acids, they have numerous symptoms.
False. Components of nucleic acids can be synthesized by cells from amino acids and sugars.
What, in animals, is a compound that cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule and so must be obtained in the diet in its complete form?
Also, in plants, these substances needed to complete reproduction while avoiding the symptoms of nutrient deficiency.
Essential nutrients
What are the four groups that essential nutrients can be classified in?
Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
What is an amino acid that is required in the diet of many animals?
What are the 9 of them?? GOOD LUCK
Essential amino acids
Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
These amino acids are required for required for building proteins but cannot be synthesized by an animal’s cells unlike the 11 other amino acids.
T/F Animal cells store essential amino acids.
False, animals do not store amino acids.
If an animal does not injest a reoccuring supply of the 9 essential amino acids, what could happen?
Protein synthesis in each cell of an animal’s body would slow down or stop completely.
Who readily obtain all of the essential amino acids?
Carnivores and Omnivores since animal muscle contains all 20 amino acids.
What are certain unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, that cannot be synthesized by animal cells?
Essential fatty acids.
Linoleic acid is vital to an animal’s health because it is converted in cells to another fatty acid, called arachidonic acid.
This fatty acid is the precursor required for production of several compounds that are important in many aspects of animal physiology. Such compounds include the prostaglandins, which function in pain, blood clotting, andsmooth muscle contraction. Some animals—such as felines—cannot synthesize arachidonic acid from linoleic acid, so arachidonic acid is anessential fatty acid in those species.
Unsaturated fatty acids are found primarily in plants, which provide a dietary source of essential fattyacids for both herbivores and omnivores. Strict carnivores, however, obtain their essential fatty acids from fishes or from the adipose (fat) tissue of birds and mammals.
What is an organic nutrient that serves as a coenzyme for a metabolic or biosynthetic reaction?
Vitamins
The two categories ofvitamins are water-soluble and fat-soluble.
Water-soluble vitamins, suchas vitamin C, are not stored in the body and must be regularly ingested. Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, are stored to some degree in adipose tissue.
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like skin rash, nausea, loss of appetite, mental disorders like depression and hallucinations?
Biotin
Coenzyme for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid and amino acid metabolism
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Anemia (a lower thannormal number of erythrocytes in the blood); depression;birth defects?
Folic acid
Coenzyme required for synthesis of nucleic acids
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Skin rashes; diarrhea; mental confusion; memory loss?
Niacin
Involved in many oxidation-reduction reactions
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Burning sensation in hands and feet; gastrointestinal symptoms; depression?
Pantothenic Acid
Part of coenzyme A, which is involvedin numerous synthetic reactions, including formation of cholesterol
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Beriberi (muscular weakness, anemia, heart problems, loss of weight)?
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Coenzym einvolved in metabolism of sugars and some amino acids
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Seborrhea (excessive oil secretion from skin glands resulting in skin lesions)?
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Respiratory coenzyme; required for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Seborrhea; nerve disorders; depression; confusion; muscle spasms?
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Coenzyme for over 100 enzymes that participate in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and heme synthesis
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Anemia; nervous system disorders leading to sensory problems; balance and gait problems; loss of bladder and bowel control?
Vitamin B12
Required forerythrocyteformation
Which water-soluble vitamin has symptoms of deficiency like Scurvy (connective tissue disease associated with skin lesions, weakness, poor wound healing, tooth decay); bleeding gums?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Antioxidant and free-radical scavenger; aids in iron absorption; helps maintain healthy connective tissue and gums
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K.
What fat-soluble vitamin deficiency can lead to night blindness due to loss of visual ability, skin lesions, and impaired immunity?
Vitamin A (retinol)
Component of visual pigments; regulatory molecule affecting transcription; important for reproduction and immunity
What fat-soluble vitamin deficiency can lead to rickets (weakened, deformed bones) in children; osteomalacia (weak bones) in adults?
Vitamin D
Required for calcium and phosphorus absorption from intestine; bone growth
What fat-soluble vitamin deficiency can lead to visual disturbances, possibly skeletal muscle atrophy; peripheral nerve disorders?
Vitamin E
Antioxidant; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
What fat-soluble vitamin deficiency can lead to reduced blood clotting and this vitamin functions as a component of blood clotting mechanism?
Vitamin K
What is an inorganic ion required by a living organism for normal cellular functioning?
Mineral
Minerals such as iron and zinc are required as cofactors for or constituents of some enzymes and other proteins.
Other minerals such as calcium are required for bone, muscle, and nervous system function. Still others—notably sodium and potassium—contribute to changes in electrical diff erences across plasma membranes and therefore are especially critical for heart, skeletal muscle, and neuronal activity.
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to muscular disorders; loss of bone; reduced growth in children?
Calcium (Ca)
Bone and tooth formation; exocytosis of stored secretions in nerves and other cells; muscle contraction; blood clotting
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to muscular and nerve disorders?
Chlorine (Cl)
Participates in electrical, acid-base, and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably those of neurons and heart cells
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to disorders of lipid and glucose balance in blood?
Chromium (Cr)
Required for proper glucose metabolism, possibly by aiding the action of the hormone insulin
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to anemia and bone changes?
Copper (Cu)
Required for hemoglobin production and melanin synthesis; required forconnective tissue formation; serves as oxygen-binding component in some invertebrates.
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to inability to make thyroid hormones, resulting in enlarged thyroid gland?
Iodine (I)
Required for formation of thyroid hormones
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining anemia?
Iron (Fe)
Oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin; cofactor for some enzymes
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to changes in nervous system function?
Magnesium (Mg)
Cofactor for many enzymes that use ATP as a substrate
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to poor growth; abnormal skeletal formation; nervous system disorders(convulsions)?
Manganese (Mn) and Molybdenum (Mo)
Cofactors for many enzymes
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to bone loss; muscle weakness?
Phosphorus
Bone and tooth formation; component of DNA, RNA, and ATP
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to muscle weakness; serious heart irregularities; GI symptoms?
Potassium (K)
Participates in electrical, acid-base,and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably those of neurons and heart cells
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to Keshan disease (damage to and loss of heart muscle)?
Selenium (Se)
Antioxidant; co factor for some enzymes
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to inability to synthesize many proteins?
Sulfur (S)
Component of two amino acids (methionine and cysteine)
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to muscle cramps; changes in nerve activities?
Sodium (Na)
Participates in electrical, acid-base, and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably those of neurons and heart cells
Which mineral leads to symptoms of deficiency pertaining to stunted growth; loss of certain sensations like taste; impaired immune function; skin lesions?
Zinc (Zn)
Many functions related to tissue repair; sperm development; cofactor for many metabolic enzymes; required for certain transcription factors to bind to DNA
