Chapter 31: Plants and the Conquest of Land (Book Questions) Flashcards
The kingdom _____________ is composed of land plants.
Plantae
Select the characteristics that are common to all streptophytes.
Multiple select question.
Vascular systems
Cellulose-rich cell walls
Starch in plastids
Apical meristems
Multicellularity
Cellulose-rich cell walls
Starch in plastids
Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.
Multiple choice question.
fungal
archaean
opisthokont
protist
protist
The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.
Multiple choice question.
spores
chloroplasts
tissues
organelles
tissues
In bryophytes, one adaptation to a terrestrial environment is that an apical __________ produces three-dimensional plant parts.
meristem or meristems
Choose all that belong in the kingdom Plantae.
Multiple select question.
Lycophytes
Green algae
Kelp
Mosses
Lycophytes
Mosses
Although diverse, streptophytes all have cell walls made of ________
cellulose
The land plants evolved from a:
Multiple choice question.
euglenoid
red alga
streptophyte alga
multicellular fungus
streptophyte alga
The main role of gametophytes is to produce
Multiple choice question.
diploid gametes
triploid gametes
haploid gametes
haploid gametes
A tissue is defined as:
Multiple choice question.
a group of cells that are the same size
all cells that originated from a meristem
an association of similar types of cells
all the cells in an organ
an association of similar types of cells
Which of the following statements about the alternation of generations life cycle is true?
Multiple choice question.
The sporophyte is haploid, while the gametophyte is diploid
Both the sporophyte and gametophyte are diploid; they just alternate in time
Both the sporophyte and gametophyte are haploid; they just differ in size
The sporophyte is diploid, while the gametophyte is haploid
The sporophyte is diploid, while the gametophyte is haploid
Select all that apply
Select all traits that illustrate adaptation of bryophytes to a terrestrial environment.
Multiple select question.
Apical meristems
Specialized vascular tissue
Lignified cell walls
Alternation of generations
Apical meristems
Alternation of generations
The division Anthophyta contains ________, which are also known as flowering plants.
angiosperms
The presence of internal water and nutrient-conducting tissues that also provide structural support is a characteristic of plants called _______ plants
vascular
Multiple Choice Question
In land plants, gametes are produced when:
Multiple choice question.
sporophyte cells undergo mitosis
gametophyte cells undergo meiosis
sporophyte cells undergo meiosis
gametophyte cells undergo mitosis
gametophyte cells undergo mitosis
In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, organisms can shift between a diploid _________ generation and a haploid _________ generation.
sporophyte; gametophyte
Select all that apply
Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes.
Multiple select question.
Lycophytes
Hornworts
Liverworts
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
Mosses
Select all features that enhance the ability of bryophytes to live on land.
Multiple select question.
Multicellular embryos
flagellated sperm
external fertilization
thick-walled spores
Multicellular embryos
thick-walled spores
True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.
True false question.
True
False
True
The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.
Multiple choice question.
vascular
non-vascular
vascular
Vascular plants contain:
Multiple choice question.
water-conducting but not nutrient-conducting tissues
both water-conducting and nutrient-conducting tissues
nutrient-conducting but not water-conducting tissues
neither water-conducting nor nutrient-conducting tissues
both water-conducting and nutrient-conducting tissues
Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, _____, and __________ through the plant body.
water, minerals
The main function of plant leaves is to carry out ________
photosynthesis
The ______ life cycle exhibited by bryophytes illustrates an adaptation for life on land.
Multiple choice question.
diploid dominant
alternation of generations
haploid dominant
mitosis-independent
alternation of generations
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.
Multiple choice question.
vascular
seed
flowering
seed
The reason why vascular is the wrong answer. The correct answer is seed plants. Not all vascular plants can be classified as angiosperms or gymnosperms. For example, ferns are vascular plants but are NOT seed plants.
Select all that apply
The major plant organs include:
Multiple select question.
lignin
leaves
tracheids
roots
stems
leaves
roots
stems
Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce with:
Multiple choice question.
seeds only
lignins and cutins
spores only
both spores and seeds
both spores and seeds
Select all that apply
Select all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Multiple select question.
Presence of vascular tissue
Reproduction using spores
Nourishment of embryo by endosperm
Production of seeds within fruits
Presence of vascular tissue
Reproduction using spores
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called __________
seeds
Select all that apply
Select all structures produced by gymnosperms.
Multiple select question.
Endosperm
Seeds
Fruits
Vascular tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Vascular tissue
The two types of seed plants are ________ and ____________
gymnosperms; angiosperms
Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called _________
endosperm
What organisms reproduce using spores and seeds?
Multiple choice question.
Neither angiosperms nor gymnosperms
Angiosperms & gymnosperms
Only gymnosperms
Only angiosperms
Angiosperms & gymnosperms
What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?
Multiple choice question.
Calyx
Peduncle
Radicle
Gymnosperm
Endosperm
Endosperm
Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Multiple choice question.
Gymnosperms have vascular tissues but angiosperms do not.
Only gymnosperms reproduce using both spores and seeds.
Angiosperms lack endosperm in their seed tissue unlike gymnosperms.
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
Select all that apply
Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.
Multiple select question.
They moved vast amounts of water from the soil to the atmosphere
They added to atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
They aided animals in the colonization of land
They helped to create the first substantial soils
They aided animals in the colonization of land
They helped to create the first substantial soils
Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere.
Multiple choice question.
calcium
oxygen
sulfur
nitrogen
carbon
carbon
_______________ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.
endosperm
Early bryophyte-like plants influenced Earth’s past climate by _________ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
lowering
A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:
Multiple choice question.
mosses and liverworts
cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria and red algae
hornworts
cyanobacteria
Sixty-five million years ago at least one large meteorite crashed into Earth near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. This is referred to as:
Multiple choice question.
the Big Bang
the K/T event
the T/K event
the C/K event
the K/T event
The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:
Multiple choice question.
an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
A life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is referred to as a(n) _______-___________ life cycle
haploid; dominant
When plants are buried and only partially decomposed, carbon is prevented from entering the __________
atmosphere
In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs.
Multiple choice question.
archegonia; antheridia
oogonia; spermatogonia
spermatogonia; oogonia
antheridia; archegonia
antheridia; archegonia
The _______ is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle.
gametophyte, bryophyte gametophytes, haploid, or gametophytes
Early land plants caused a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels because:
Multiple choice question.
their bodies did not always decompose
they generated oxygen, which occupied some of the atmospheric space taken by carbon dioxide
they took up nitrogen from the soil, which then altered the balance of atmospheric nitrogen and other gases in the atmosphere
they supported the evolution of animal life, which altered the composition of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
their bodies did not always decompose
The Cretaceous-Paleogene event occurred _______ million years ago.
65
All of the following are examples of vascular plants EXCEPT:
Multiple choice question.
bryophytes
angiosperms
pteridophytes
lycophytes
gymnosperms
bryophytes
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle?
Multiple select question.
The diploid generation consists of one cell.
There is an alternation of generations.
The diploid generation consists of two cells.
The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis.
There are both haploid and diploid multicellular bodies.
The diploid generation consists of one cell.
The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis.
During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ______ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.
Multiple choice question.
egg; sperm
sperm; egg
microspore; megaspore
megaspore; microspore
sperm; egg
Select all that apply
Select all statements that are true for the sporophytes of vascular plants, but not bryophytes.
Multiple select question.
Less conspicuous than gametophytes
Able to branch
Become independent of gametophytes
Have short lifespans
Able to branch
Become independent of gametophytes
What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?
Multiple choice question.
Sporophyte
Zygote
Archegonium
Gametophyte
Gametophyte
One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:
Multiple choice question.
gametes produced by meiosis
flower
cellulose in cell walls
embryo
embryo
True or false: Bryophytes are nonvascular plants.
True false question.
True
False
True
_________ are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants.
Embryos or Embryo
Select all that apply
Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times.
Multiple select question.
Embryos
Leaves
Alternation of generations
Spores
Seeds
Leaves
Seeds
Select all that apply
Select all characteristics of the sporophytes of bryophytes.
Multiple select question.
Inability to branch
Able to produce sporangia on lateral branches
Remain attached to gametophytes
Short lifespans
Larger than gametophyte
Inability to branch
Remain attached to gametophytes
Short lifespans
The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called __________.
lycophylls or microphylls
The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:
Multiple choice question.
it encouraged the involvement of animals as seed dispersal agents
it required the involvement of pollinators and led to the diversification of the angiosperms
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
the alternation of generations depends on the production of an embryo
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
The leaves of ferns and seed plants are called euphylls, which is a translation from Greek meaning:
Multiple choice question.
true buds
true leaves
branched leaves
tiny leaves
branched veins
true leaves
Select all that apply
Select all features of plant embryos.
Multiple select question.
Cloned
Diploid
Haploid
Unicellular
Multicellular
Diploid
Multicellular
How often did the innovations of leaves and seeds likely evolve?
Multiple choice question.
Only once
Many times
Twice
Many times
Select all that apply
Select all terms that can be used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes.
Multiple select question.
Nanophylls
Microphylls
Lycophylls
Pteridophylls
Microphylls
Lycophylls
In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.
Multiple choice question.
Egg
Ovary
Female gametophyte
Ovule
Ovule
In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into
Multiple choice question.
ovules
megaspores
micropyles
pollen
pollen
The microspores of pines develop within
Multiple choice question.
pollen grains
microgametangia
microsporangia
integuments
microsporangia
In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n) _____.
Multiple choice question.
sporophyte
zygote
archegonium
ovule
megaspore
embryo
ovule
Seed plants are characterized by heterospory, in which smaller spores called microspores and larger spores called ____________ are produced.
megaspores
In seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by walls are called
Multiple choice question.
microspores
sperm
gametes
pollen
pollen
Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to
Multiple choice question.
avoid predation from animals
survive in unpredictable conditions
conserve energy that they would normally invest in producing seeds
conserve water
survive in unpredictable conditions
The megaspores of pines develop within
Multiple choice question.
egg cells
megasporangia
integuments
endosperm
megasporangia
Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be __________
homosporous
Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be __________
homosporous
Match the Terms!
Bryophytes Lycophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves.
Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems
Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue
Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte
1D 2B 3A 4E 5C
The microspores of pines develop within
Multiple choice question.
microsporangia
integuments
microgametangia
pollen grains
microsporangia
Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are called:
Multiple choice question.
asporous
heterosporous
homosporous
microsporous
homosporous
