Chapter 24 Book Questions (Chapter 23/24 Quiz) Flashcards
The evolutionary changes that create new species and groups that include many new species are described by the term _________
Macroevolution
A group of related organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature is known as a(n) ______.
Multiple choice question.
family
phylum
community
species
ecosystem
species
A vast number of species have yet to be classified. This is especially true among __________, which are difficult to categorize into distinct species.
bacteria
A category of reproductive isolating mechanisms called __________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote and include gametic or mechanical isolation.
prezygotic
______ isolating mechanisms block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.
Multiple choice question.
Postzygotic
Azygotic
Interspecies
Prezygotic
Temporal
Postzygotic
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding relatedness of members of the same species?
Multiple choice question.
They are MORE genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.
They are LESS genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.
There is no pattern; members of some species are more closely related to one another, and some are more closely related to other species.
They are EQUALLY genetically similar to one another and to members of a different species.
They are MORE genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
Multiple choice question.
Hybrid sterility
Gametic isolation
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid breakdown
Hybrid inviability
Select all that apply
Which of the following are methods used by biologists to distinguish different species?
Multiple select question.
Determining the organisms’ ecological niches
Observing the outward appearance of individuals
Determining if individuals physically interact with one another
Determining evolutionary relationships and lineages
Assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed
Analyzing DNA or other molecular sequences
Assessing whether the organisms occupy the same space
Determining the organisms’ ecological niches
Observing the outward appearance of individuals
Determining evolutionary relationships and lineages
Assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed
Analyzing DNA or other molecular sequences
______ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote.
Multiple choice question.
Hybrid
Azygotic
Interspecies
Prezygotic
Postzygotic
Prezygotic
How is a species defined according to the ecological species concept?
Multiple choice question.
A species is made up of individuals that have progressed along the same evolutionary pathway, making them very closely related.
Members of a species must be able to successfully interbreed in nature, producing viable and fertile offspring.
Members of a species have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.
A species is defined based on a combination of evolutionary history, ecological factors, and reproductive isolation.
Members of a species have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.
The idea that a species should be defined solely based on separate lineages is known as the ________ _________ species concept.
Evolutionary Lineage
The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr proposed one of the first species concepts, called the _______ _________ concept.
Biological species
Which of the following is not a mechanism of prezygotic isolation?
Multiple choice question.
Hybrid breakdown
Gamete isolation
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Hybrid breakdown
The ________ species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.
Ecological
Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?
Multiple choice question.
Morphological
Phylogenetic
Molecular
Ecological
Molecular
Which concept defines a species based on the separate evolution of groups of organisms over time?
Multiple choice question.
The ecological species concept
The evolutionary lineage species concept
The general lineage species concept
The biological species concept
The evolutionary lineage species concept
__________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, whereas _____________ isolating mechanisms come into play after the zygote is formed.
prezygotic; postzygotic
All of the following are species concepts that have been proposed by evolutionary biologists EXCEPT the ______.
Multiple choice question.
general lineage concept
ecological species concept
biological species concept
evolutionary lineage concept
physiological species concept
physiological species concept
The biological species concept relies mainly on ______.
Multiple choice question.
reproductive isolation to define a species
comparative biochemical analysis to define a species
the presence of analogous traits to define a species
morphological differences to define a species
reproductive isolation to define a species
Match each postzygotic isolating mechanism with how it prevents successful interspecies hybridization.
- Hybrid inviability
- Hybrid sterility
- Hybrid breakdown
A. An interspecies hybrid zygote develops to maturity, but it is incapable of producing viable gametes.
B. An interspecies hybrid is able to produce gametes and reproduce with other hybrids, but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities.
C. An egg cell is successfully fertilized by the sperm of a different species, but the resulting zygote fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.
1C
2A
3B
The idea that a species should be defined solely based on separate lineages is known as the ________ _________ species concept.
Evolutionary lineage
Match each prezygotic isolating mechanism with how it prevents successful interbreeding among different species.
- Geographic isolation
- Temporal isolation
- Behavioral isolation
- Mechanical isolation
- Gametic isolation
A. Structural differences between species prevent mating.
B. Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote.
C. Species reproduce at different times of the day or year.
D. Members of two different species never come into contact with one another because they live in different places.
E. Members of different species differ in their mating rituals.
1D 2C 3E 4A 5B
Lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris) never have an opportunity to interbreed in nature because lions (Panthera leo) are native to Africa and tigers (Panthera tigris) are native to Asia. This is an example of ______.
Multiple choice question.
gametic isolation
mechanical isolation
hybrid inviability
hybrid breakdown
habitat isolation
habitat isolation
Which of the following is an example of temporal isolation as a prezygotic isolating mechanism?
Multiple choice question.
After the successful mating of members of two different mouse species, the sperm fails to unite with the egg.
Two populations of deer are separated by a mountain range, preventing them from coming into contact with one another.
Females of one species of bird are not attracted to the breeding plumage of males of another species.
Two species of plants live within the same area but one flowers (reproduces) in the fall and the other in the spring.
Two species of plants live within the same area but one flowers (reproduces) in the fall and the other in the spring.
Successful interbreeding among members of different species results in a viable, fertile hybrid but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities. This condition is known as ______.
Multiple choice question.
hybrid sterility
hybrid breakdown
hybrid inviability
gametic isolation
mechanical isolation
hybrid breakdown
Which of the following is an example of behavioral isolation?
Multiple choice question.
Two species of field crickets that mature and reproduce at different times of the year.
Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs.
Successful mating between a donkey and a horse that results in the production of a mule, a sterile hybrid.
Differences in the body shapes of two species of dragonfly, preventing the male from clasping onto the female for successful copulation.
Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs.
Question Mode
Multiple Choice Question
How could a change in chromosome number lead to speciation?
Multiple choice question.
Reproductive isolation would result due to hybrid sterility.
Geographical isolation would result due to genes that underlying adaptions.
Behavioral isolation would result due to the effects of behavioral genes.
Reproductive isolation would result due to hybrid sterility.
True or false: Populations must be completely geographically isolated in order for allopatric speciation to occur.
false
Reason: Although some interbreeding may occur among populations that are not completely geographically isolated, gene flow may be limited enough so that the populations become two different species over time.
A physical separation of members of populations that causes speciation is known as ______.
Multiple choice question.
allopatric speciation
geopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
nonpatric speciation
allopatric speciation
The phenomenon that occurs when successful interbreeding among members of different species results in a viable, fertile hybrid but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities is known as ________ _________.
Hybrid Breakdown
Select all the mechanisms that can alter the genetic composition of a population and result in speciation.
Multiple select question.
Natural selection acting upon random mutations
Spontaneous generation
Horizontal gene transfer
Changes in chromosome number
Punctuated equilibrium
Natural selection acting upon random mutations
Horizontal gene transfer
Changes in chromosome number
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the conditions necessary for allopatric speciation?
Multiple select question.
It may be caused by polyploidy, sexual selection, or habitat specialization.
Geographic isolation must be complete.
Interbreeding among populations must be eliminated or greatly limited.
Populations cannot be sympatric (living in the same location).
Interbreeding among populations must be eliminated or greatly limited.
Populations cannot be sympatric (living in the same location).
The phenomenon that causes a single ancestral species to evolve into a wide array of descendant species with diverse habitats, forms, or behaviors that occurs often as a result of colonization of a new area is known as _________ radiation.
Adaptive
Speciation that occurs when populations are physically separated from one another is ________ speciation, whereas ________ speciation occurs when populations co-occur.
Allopatric; sympatric
Which of the following concepts suggests that new species evolve via a slow, continuous process over a long period of time?
Multiple choice question.
Hybridization
Biological species
Punctuated equilibrium
Reproductive isolation
Gradualism
Gradualism
According to the punctuated equilibrium model ______.
Multiple choice question.
most evolution occurs in sympatric populations
natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution
given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species
most new species accumulate unique features rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for long periods
most new species accumulate unique features rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for long periods
Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms ______.
Multiple choice question.
remain in the same, stable environment
exploit a variety of new environments
undergo autoploidy and alloploidy
occupy the same habitat as their ancestral species
exploit a variety of new environments
The field of biology that compares the development of different organisms to understand their ancestral relationships is known as ________ _________ biology.
Evolutionary or evo; developmental or devo
During embryonic development, coordination of cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death leads to the morphological features encoded by the genome of that species, a process called ______.
Multiple choice question.
biogenesis
phenotyping
pattern formation
blueprint generation
pattern formation
Developmental biologists have hypothesized that variation in Hox genes may have caused the formation of which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Eukaryotic cells
Cilia and flagella
New body plans
Webbed feet
New body plans
The concept of ___________ suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time?
Gradulism
In what organisms are Hox genes found?
Multiple choice question.
in prokaryotes
in prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes
only in animals that are invertebrates
only in animals that are vertebrates
in all animals
in all animals
A major suggestion of ______ is that during evolution there may be very long time periods where species remain essentially unchanged.
Multiple choice question.
gametic isolation
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
paedomorphosis
gradualism
punctuated equilibrium
The __________ and __________ of Hox genes vary considerably among different types of animals.
Number; order
Comparing the development of different organisms in an attempt to understand their ancestral relationships is associated with which of the following fields of biology?
Multiple choice question.
Ecology
Evo-devo
Paleontology
Genetics
Biomechanics
Evo-devo
The genome of each species encodes a unique set of morphological features that arise in embryonic development through coordinated cell division, migration, differentiation and cell death. This process is called __________ formation.
Pattern
In mammals, multiple Hox genes have been duplicated to form four _________ in which the genes are close to each other along a chromosome.
Clusters
The evolution of increasingly complex animal body forms has been attributed to the prevalence of what types of genes in the genome?
Multiple choice question.
Eyeless
Gremlin
Hox
Pax6
BMP4
Hox
The fact that Hox genes are found in all animals indicates that they originated very _______ in animal evolution.
early
Based on their relative similarities Hox genes are divided into:
Multiple choice question.
5 groups along a chromosome
2 groups along a chromosome
6 groups along a chromosome
4 groups along a chromosome
4 groups along a chromosome
Which of the following statements about Hox genes is TRUE?
Multiple choice question.
They have a constant number in vertebrates and a constant arrangement in invertebrates.
They differ in number and arrangement in various animals.
They have a constant number in all animals but differ in arrangement.
They have a constant arrangement in all animals but differ in number.
They differ in number and arrangement in various animals.
The field of biology that compares the development of different organisms to understand their ancestral relationships is known as _________ _________ biology.
Evo devo
What is the relationship between Hox gene evolution and animal evolution?
Multiple choice question.
The appearance of Hox genes in the genome of animals is related to a decrease in speciation rate.
The evolution of Hox genes and evolution of animals are unrelated.
Animals undergo dramatic changes in shape as a result of elimination of Hox genes from the genome due to meiotic abnormalities.
Duplication of Hox genes and clusters of those genes correlate with major diversification events in animal history.
Duplication of Hox genes and clusters of those genes correlate with major diversification events in animal history.
True or false: Heterochrony involves changes in growth rates that may lead to the differences in morphological characteristics observed in members of different species.
Multiple choice question.
true
false
true
Reason: Heterochrony is the result of differences in growth rates that occur during different times of development, leading to the differences in skull shape observed in chimps and humans, for example
True or false: Hox gene evolution and animal evolution are unrelated.
False
Some of the morphological differences in closely related species may be attributed to genetic changes that affect growth rates of different body parts during development. What is this phenomenon called?
Multiple choice question.
Heterochrony
Gradualism
Cladogenesis
Allopolyploidy
Allopatry
Heterochrony
In a phenomenon known as heterochrony, genetic variation can influence the morphology of a species by controlling ______.
Multiple choice question.
pigmentation
feeding behavior
growth rates
energy usage
growth rates
One of the function of the _______ gene is to encode a protein that is a transcription factor controlling expression of genes involved in the development of the eye in rodents, humans, and other animals.
Pax6
[Quiz Start]
Based on the information provided in our case study, most mammals cannot digest lactose sugar as adults.
Question 1 options:
True
False
True; Where the hell did this question come from?
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed but for the fact that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?
Question 2 options:
temporal isolation
mechanical isolation
habitat isolation
behavioral isolation
temporal isolation
Neutral variation is supported by the observation that most changes in codons occur in the third position within the codon, which often has no effect on the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Question 3 options:
False
True
True
In our case study, we analyzed data to determine how recently the lactase persistence gene emerged in populations in European and African populations. Based on that data, which mutation arose more recently?
Question 4 options:
The African mutation arose more recently than the European mutation.
The European mutation arose more recently than the African mutation.
The mutations in both populations arose at about the same time.
It is impossible to tell with the evidence provided in the case study.
The African mutation arose more recently than the European mutation.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q =_______, where p and q represent ________.
Question 5 options:
1, allele frequencies
2, genotype frequencies
1, genotype frequencies
2, allele frequencies
0, allele frequencies
1, allele frequencies
Based on what we learned in our case study, the mutation that causes lactase persistence is a mutation in the lactose enzyme coding gene.
Question 6 options:
True
False
False
Based on the information provided in our case study, most humans around the world can digest lactose sugar.
Question 7 options:
True
False
False
The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is equal to
Question 8 options:
q or p.
2p.
p2.
q2.
2pq.
q2.
Based on what we learned in our case study, the mutation that causes lactase persistence is in a region near the lactase enzyme coding gene, and functions as a switch turning the lactase gene on or off.
Question 9 options:
True
False
True
If goats are crossed with sheep, embryos will form but cease development and spontaneously abort. This is an example of
Question 10 options:
a prezygotic mechanism.
hybrid inviability.
hybrid breakdown.
spermatic behavior.
hybrid sterility.
hybrid inviability.
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of moth species that could interbreed but for the fact that the females’ mating pheromones are not attractive to the males of the other species?
Question 11 options:
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
temporal isolation
gametic isolation
behavioral isolation
An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?
Question 12 options:
directional selection
stabilizing selection
a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic diversity
a high rate of gene flow
stabilizing selection
Which of the following terms represents the frequency of heterozygotes in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Question 13 options:
p2
2pq
p
q
q2
2pq
The concept of punctuated equilibrium suggests that
Question 14 options:
the rate of evolution is constant, with short periods of no evolutionary change.
evolution occurs gradually over time.
small genetic changes accumulate over time to allow for phenotypic change and speciation.
long periods of evolutionary stability are interrupted by short periods of major evolutionary change.
Both B and C
long periods of evolutionary stability are interrupted by short periods of major evolutionary change.
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates two flowering plant species that could interbreed but for the fact that one has a deep flower tube and is pollinated by bumblebees whereas the other has a short, narrow flower tube and is pollinated by honeybees?
Question 15 options:
habitat isolation
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
habitat isolation
