Chapter 24 Book Questions (Chapter 23/24 Quiz)

Question 1

The evolutionary changes that create new species and groups that include many new species are described by the term _________

Answer 1

Macroevolution

Question 2

A group of related organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature is known as a(n) ______.

Multiple choice question.

family

phylum

community

species

ecosystem

Answer 2

species

Question 3

A vast number of species have yet to be classified. This is especially true among __________, which are difficult to categorize into distinct species.

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

A category of reproductive isolating mechanisms called __________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote and include gametic or mechanical isolation.

Answer 4

prezygotic

Question 5

______ isolating mechanisms block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.

Multiple choice question.

Postzygotic

Azygotic

Interspecies

Prezygotic

Temporal

Answer 5

Postzygotic

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding relatedness of members of the same species?

Multiple choice question.

They are MORE genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.

They are LESS genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.

There is no pattern; members of some species are more closely related to one another, and some are more closely related to other species.

They are EQUALLY genetically similar to one another and to members of a different species.

Answer 6

They are MORE genetically similar to one another than they are to members of a different species.

Question 7

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

Multiple choice question.

Hybrid sterility

Gametic isolation

Hybrid inviability

Hybrid breakdown

Answer 7

Hybrid inviability

Question 8

Select all that apply

Which of the following are methods used by biologists to distinguish different species?

Multiple select question.

Determining the organisms’ ecological niches

Observing the outward appearance of individuals

Determining if individuals physically interact with one another

Determining evolutionary relationships and lineages

Assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed

Analyzing DNA or other molecular sequences

Assessing whether the organisms occupy the same space

Answer 8

Determining the organisms’ ecological niches

Observing the outward appearance of individuals

Determining evolutionary relationships and lineages

Assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed

Analyzing DNA or other molecular sequences

Question 9

______ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote.

Multiple choice question.

Hybrid

Azygotic

Interspecies

Prezygotic

Postzygotic

Answer 9

Prezygotic

Question 10

How is a species defined according to the ecological species concept?

Multiple choice question.

A species is made up of individuals that have progressed along the same evolutionary pathway, making them very closely related.

Members of a species must be able to successfully interbreed in nature, producing viable and fertile offspring.

Members of a species have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.

A species is defined based on a combination of evolutionary history, ecological factors, and reproductive isolation.

Answer 10

Members of a species have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.

Question 11

The idea that a species should be defined solely based on separate lineages is known as the ________ _________ species concept.

Answer 11

Evolutionary Lineage

Question 12

The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr proposed one of the first species concepts, called the _______ _________ concept.

Answer 12

Biological species

Question 13

Which of the following is not a mechanism of prezygotic isolation?

Multiple choice question.

Hybrid breakdown

Gamete isolation

Habitat isolation

Behavioral isolation

Answer 13

Hybrid breakdown

Question 14

The ________ species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that have the same set of habitat requirements and influence the environment and other species in a similar way.

Answer 14

Ecological

Question 15

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

Multiple choice question.

Morphological

Phylogenetic

Molecular

Ecological

Answer 15

Molecular

Question 16

Which concept defines a species based on the separate evolution of groups of organisms over time?

Multiple choice question.

The ecological species concept

The evolutionary lineage species concept

The general lineage species concept

The biological species concept

Answer 16

The evolutionary lineage species concept

Question 17

__________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, whereas _____________ isolating mechanisms come into play after the zygote is formed.

Answer 17

prezygotic; postzygotic

Question 18

All of the following are species concepts that have been proposed by evolutionary biologists EXCEPT the ______.

Multiple choice question.

general lineage concept

ecological species concept

biological species concept

evolutionary lineage concept

physiological species concept

Answer 18

physiological species concept

Question 19

The biological species concept relies mainly on ______.

Multiple choice question.

reproductive isolation to define a species

comparative biochemical analysis to define a species

the presence of analogous traits to define a species

morphological differences to define a species

Answer 19

reproductive isolation to define a species

Question 20

Match each postzygotic isolating mechanism with how it prevents successful interspecies hybridization.

1. Hybrid inviability
2. Hybrid sterility
3. Hybrid breakdown

A. An interspecies hybrid zygote develops to maturity, but it is incapable of producing viable gametes.

B. An interspecies hybrid is able to produce gametes and reproduce with other hybrids, but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities.

C. An egg cell is successfully fertilized by the sperm of a different species, but the resulting zygote fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.

Answer 20

1C
2A
3B

Question 21

The idea that a species should be defined solely based on separate lineages is known as the ________ _________ species concept.

Answer 21

Evolutionary lineage

Question 22

Match each prezygotic isolating mechanism with how it prevents successful interbreeding among different species.

1. Geographic isolation
2. Temporal isolation
3. Behavioral isolation
4. Mechanical isolation
5. Gametic isolation

A. Structural differences between species prevent mating.

B. Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote.

C. Species reproduce at different times of the day or year.

D. Members of two different species never come into contact with one another because they live in different places.

E. Members of different species differ in their mating rituals.

Answer 22

1D
2C
3E
4A
5B

Question 23

Lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris) never have an opportunity to interbreed in nature because lions (Panthera leo) are native to Africa and tigers (Panthera tigris) are native to Asia. This is an example of ______.

Multiple choice question.

gametic isolation

mechanical isolation

hybrid inviability

hybrid breakdown

habitat isolation

Answer 23

habitat isolation

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of temporal isolation as a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

Multiple choice question.

After the successful mating of members of two different mouse species, the sperm fails to unite with the egg.

Two populations of deer are separated by a mountain range, preventing them from coming into contact with one another.

Females of one species of bird are not attracted to the breeding plumage of males of another species.

Two species of plants live within the same area but one flowers (reproduces) in the fall and the other in the spring.

Answer 24

Two species of plants live within the same area but one flowers (reproduces) in the fall and the other in the spring.

Question 25

Successful interbreeding among members of different species results in a viable, fertile hybrid but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities. This condition is known as ______.

Multiple choice question.

hybrid sterility

hybrid breakdown

hybrid inviability

gametic isolation

mechanical isolation

Answer 25

hybrid breakdown

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of behavioral isolation?

Multiple choice question.

Two species of field crickets that mature and reproduce at different times of the year.

Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs.

Successful mating between a donkey and a horse that results in the production of a mule, a sterile hybrid.

Differences in the body shapes of two species of dragonfly, preventing the male from clasping onto the female for successful copulation.

Answer 26

Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs.

Question 27

Question Mode
Multiple Choice Question
How could a change in chromosome number lead to speciation?

Multiple choice question.

Reproductive isolation would result due to hybrid sterility.

Geographical isolation would result due to genes that underlying adaptions.

Behavioral isolation would result due to the effects of behavioral genes.

Answer 27

Reproductive isolation would result due to hybrid sterility.

Question 28

True or false: Populations must be completely geographically isolated in order for allopatric speciation to occur.

Answer 28

false

Reason: Although some interbreeding may occur among populations that are not completely geographically isolated, gene flow may be limited enough so that the populations become two different species over time.

Question 29

A physical separation of members of populations that causes speciation is known as ______.

Multiple choice question.

allopatric speciation

geopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

nonpatric speciation

Answer 29

allopatric speciation

Question 30

The phenomenon that occurs when successful interbreeding among members of different species results in a viable, fertile hybrid but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities is known as ________ _________.

Answer 30

Hybrid Breakdown

Question 31

Select all the mechanisms that can alter the genetic composition of a population and result in speciation.

Multiple select question.

Natural selection acting upon random mutations

Spontaneous generation

Horizontal gene transfer

Changes in chromosome number

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 31

Natural selection acting upon random mutations

Horizontal gene transfer

Changes in chromosome number

Question 32

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the conditions necessary for allopatric speciation?

Multiple select question.

It may be caused by polyploidy, sexual selection, or habitat specialization.

Geographic isolation must be complete.

Interbreeding among populations must be eliminated or greatly limited.

Populations cannot be sympatric (living in the same location).

Answer 32

Interbreeding among populations must be eliminated or greatly limited.

Populations cannot be sympatric (living in the same location).

Question 33

The phenomenon that causes a single ancestral species to evolve into a wide array of descendant species with diverse habitats, forms, or behaviors that occurs often as a result of colonization of a new area is known as _________ radiation.

Answer 33

Adaptive

Question 34

Speciation that occurs when populations are physically separated from one another is ________ speciation, whereas ________ speciation occurs when populations co-occur.

Answer 34

Allopatric; sympatric

Question 35

Which of the following concepts suggests that new species evolve via a slow, continuous process over a long period of time?

Multiple choice question.

Hybridization

Biological species

Punctuated equilibrium

Reproductive isolation

Gradualism

Answer 35

Gradualism

Question 36

According to the punctuated equilibrium model ______.

Multiple choice question.

most evolution occurs in sympatric populations

natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution

given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species

most new species accumulate unique features rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for long periods

Answer 36

most new species accumulate unique features rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for long periods

Question 37

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms ______.

Multiple choice question.

remain in the same, stable environment

exploit a variety of new environments

undergo autoploidy and alloploidy

occupy the same habitat as their ancestral species

Answer 37

exploit a variety of new environments

Question 38

The field of biology that compares the development of different organisms to understand their ancestral relationships is known as ________ _________ biology.

Answer 38

Evolutionary or evo; developmental or devo

Question 39

During embryonic development, coordination of cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death leads to the morphological features encoded by the genome of that species, a process called ______.

Multiple choice question.

biogenesis

phenotyping

pattern formation

blueprint generation

Answer 39

pattern formation

Question 40

Developmental biologists have hypothesized that variation in Hox genes may have caused the formation of which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Eukaryotic cells

Cilia and flagella

New body plans

Webbed feet

Answer 40

New body plans

Question 41

The concept of ___________ suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time?

Answer 41

Gradulism

Question 42

In what organisms are Hox genes found?

Multiple choice question.

in prokaryotes

in prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes

only in animals that are invertebrates

only in animals that are vertebrates

in all animals

Answer 42

in all animals

Question 43

A major suggestion of ______ is that during evolution there may be very long time periods where species remain essentially unchanged.

Multiple choice question.

gametic isolation

adaptive radiation

punctuated equilibrium

paedomorphosis

gradualism

Answer 43

punctuated equilibrium

Question 44

The __________ and __________ of Hox genes vary considerably among different types of animals.

Answer 44

Number; order

Question 45

Comparing the development of different organisms in an attempt to understand their ancestral relationships is associated with which of the following fields of biology?

Multiple choice question.

Ecology

Evo-devo

Paleontology

Genetics

Biomechanics

Answer 45

Evo-devo

Question 46

The genome of each species encodes a unique set of morphological features that arise in embryonic development through coordinated cell division, migration, differentiation and cell death. This process is called __________ formation.

Answer 46

Pattern

Question 47

In mammals, multiple Hox genes have been duplicated to form four _________ in which the genes are close to each other along a chromosome.

Answer 47

Clusters

Question 48

The evolution of increasingly complex animal body forms has been attributed to the prevalence of what types of genes in the genome?

Multiple choice question.

Eyeless

Gremlin

Hox

Pax6

BMP4

Answer 48

Hox

Question 49

The fact that Hox genes are found in all animals indicates that they originated very _______ in animal evolution.

Answer 49

early

Question 50

Based on their relative similarities Hox genes are divided into:

Multiple choice question.

5 groups along a chromosome

2 groups along a chromosome

6 groups along a chromosome

4 groups along a chromosome

Answer 50

4 groups along a chromosome

Question 51

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is TRUE?

Multiple choice question.

They have a constant number in vertebrates and a constant arrangement in invertebrates.

They differ in number and arrangement in various animals.

They have a constant number in all animals but differ in arrangement.

They have a constant arrangement in all animals but differ in number.

Answer 51

They differ in number and arrangement in various animals.

Question 52

The field of biology that compares the development of different organisms to understand their ancestral relationships is known as _________ _________ biology.

Answer 52

Evo devo

Question 53

What is the relationship between Hox gene evolution and animal evolution?

Multiple choice question.

The appearance of Hox genes in the genome of animals is related to a decrease in speciation rate.

The evolution of Hox genes and evolution of animals are unrelated.

Animals undergo dramatic changes in shape as a result of elimination of Hox genes from the genome due to meiotic abnormalities.

Duplication of Hox genes and clusters of those genes correlate with major diversification events in animal history.

Answer 53

Duplication of Hox genes and clusters of those genes correlate with major diversification events in animal history.

Question 54

True or false: Heterochrony involves changes in growth rates that may lead to the differences in morphological characteristics observed in members of different species.

Multiple choice question.

true

false

Answer 54

true

Reason: Heterochrony is the result of differences in growth rates that occur during different times of development, leading to the differences in skull shape observed in chimps and humans, for example

Question 55

True or false: Hox gene evolution and animal evolution are unrelated.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Some of the morphological differences in closely related species may be attributed to genetic changes that affect growth rates of different body parts during development. What is this phenomenon called?

Multiple choice question.

Heterochrony

Gradualism

Cladogenesis

Allopolyploidy

Allopatry

Answer 56

Heterochrony

Question 57

In a phenomenon known as heterochrony, genetic variation can influence the morphology of a species by controlling ______.

Multiple choice question.

pigmentation

feeding behavior

growth rates

energy usage

Answer 57

growth rates

Question 58

One of the function of the _______ gene is to encode a protein that is a transcription factor controlling expression of genes involved in the development of the eye in rodents, humans, and other animals.

Answer 58

Pax6

Question 59

[Quiz Start]

Based on the information provided in our case study, most mammals cannot digest lactose sugar as adults.
Question 1 options:

True

False

Answer 59

True; Where the hell did this question come from?

Question 60

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed but for the fact that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?

Question 2 options:

temporal isolation

mechanical isolation

habitat isolation

behavioral isolation

Answer 60

temporal isolation

Question 61

Neutral variation is supported by the observation that most changes in codons occur in the third position within the codon, which often has no effect on the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Question 3 options:

False

True

Answer 61

True

Question 62

In our case study, we analyzed data to determine how recently the lactase persistence gene emerged in populations in European and African populations. Based on that data, which mutation arose more recently?

Question 4 options:

The African mutation arose more recently than the European mutation.

The European mutation arose more recently than the African mutation.

The mutations in both populations arose at about the same time.

It is impossible to tell with the evidence provided in the case study.

Answer 62

The African mutation arose more recently than the European mutation.

Question 63

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q =_______, where p and q represent ________.

Question 5 options:

1, allele frequencies

2, genotype frequencies

1, genotype frequencies

2, allele frequencies

0, allele frequencies

Answer 63

1, allele frequencies

Question 64

Based on what we learned in our case study, the mutation that causes lactase persistence is a mutation in the lactose enzyme coding gene.

Question 6 options:

True

False

Answer 64

False

Question 65

Based on the information provided in our case study, most humans around the world can digest lactose sugar.
Question 7 options:

True

False

Answer 65

False

Question 66

The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is equal to
Question 8 options:

q or p.

2p.

p2.

q2.

2pq.

Answer 66

q2.

Question 67

Based on what we learned in our case study, the mutation that causes lactase persistence is in a region near the lactase enzyme coding gene, and functions as a switch turning the lactase gene on or off.

Question 9 options:

True

False

Answer 67

True

Question 68

If goats are crossed with sheep, embryos will form but cease development and spontaneously abort. This is an example of
Question 10 options:

a prezygotic mechanism.

hybrid inviability.

hybrid breakdown.

spermatic behavior.

hybrid sterility.

Answer 68

hybrid inviability.

Question 69

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of moth species that could interbreed but for the fact that the females’ mating pheromones are not attractive to the males of the other species?

Question 11 options:

behavioral isolation

mechanical isolation

temporal isolation

gametic isolation

Answer 69

behavioral isolation

Question 70

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?
Question 12 options:

directional selection

stabilizing selection

a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic diversity

a high rate of gene flow

Answer 70

stabilizing selection

Question 71

Which of the following terms represents the frequency of heterozygotes in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Question 13 options:

p2

2pq

p

q

q2

Answer 71

2pq

Question 72

The concept of punctuated equilibrium suggests that
Question 14 options:

the rate of evolution is constant, with short periods of no evolutionary change.

evolution occurs gradually over time.

small genetic changes accumulate over time to allow for phenotypic change and speciation.

long periods of evolutionary stability are interrupted by short periods of major evolutionary change.

Both B and C

Answer 72

long periods of evolutionary stability are interrupted by short periods of major evolutionary change.

Question 73

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates two flowering plant species that could interbreed but for the fact that one has a deep flower tube and is pollinated by bumblebees whereas the other has a short, narrow flower tube and is pollinated by honeybees?

Question 15 options:

habitat isolation

mechanical isolation

behavioral isolation

gametic isolation

Answer 73

habitat isolation